The Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS), formerly known as acquired epileptic aphasia, is a rare syndrome that typically presents in early childhood with language regression and seizures. We report a case of LKS in an 7-year-old boy who presented with aggressive behavior, difficulty in maintaining posture, and language regression. Systemic examination, including neurological evaluation, was normal. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were normal. Electroencephalogram (EEG) showed abnormal findings associated with generalized seizure discharge during sleep with more spikes being noted in bilateral frontal and temporal regions. LKS was diagnosed and was treated with anticonvulsants and steroids. On follow-up, the child showed improvement in maintaining posture, was able to walk independently and had improved linguistic functions. This case adds another variant of LKS to the existing literature. Copyright © 2020, Ahmed et al.We report a case of an 18-year-old male patient who was diagnosed with primary renal lymphoma (PRL) through biopsy findings and imaging studies. The patient presented with clinical manifestations of distal renal tubular acidosis including polyuria, polydipsia, lower limb weakness, involuntary weight loss, asthenia and dyspnea. No personal background or relevant medical history was reported. A kidney biopsy showed high grade immature B-cell lymphoproliferative process (Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma) with a Ki67 value greater than 90%. Complementary studies excluded primary lymphoid migration sites, which confirmed the diagnosis of PRL. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/hsp27-inhibitor-j2.html The oncology unit initiated treatment with a combination of medications due to lack of protocols for the specific treatment. Besides the fact that this condition is rare, it also shows a unique symptoms presentation and non-typical findings in imaging methods. Also, it is important to underline the fact that the treatment is not yet specified for such type of cancer and different combinations are needed to control the disease. Copyright © 2020, Arriola-Montenegro et al.As the population gets older, yet remains active, the number of patients presenting with symptomatic spinal disease over the age of 75 increases. These include pain from osteoporotic spinal fractures, lumbar degenerative disease, as well as radiculopathy or neurogenic claudication from stenosis over the age of 75 and older increases. While some of these patients are very healthy, taking minimal medication, many are not good candidates for more invasive surgical procedures under general anesthesia because of medical co-morbidities such as insulin-dependent diabetes and medication use such as anti-coagulants. Past reviews of lumbar surgery in elderly patients have examined the risk factors with spinal fusion and multilevel surgery and many were written before the recent advent of more minimally invasive spinal procedures that reduce both operative time and the need for general anesthesia. This review examines effectiveness in return to activity and reduction in pain in these elderly patients stratified by underlying disease category, i.e. fractures, stenosis with neurogenic claudication and chronic pain, rather than just by the procedure, since there are often several minimally invasive procedures that are available. This review demonstrates very similar pain relief outcomes as measured by the visual analog scale (VAS) scores which dropped in the range of 70% or more with the different procedures. Since the majority of these procedures involve short surgical times and minimal blood loss with small incisions that lower the risk of wound infection as well as cardio-respiratory stress and can be performed under local anesthesia as an outpatient, they are particularly advantageous for the properly selected elderly patient. Copyright © 2020, Warhurst et al.Hemochromatosis is a disorder of iron overload whereby there is toxic deposition of iron in various tissues and organs of the body. It can either be hereditary or secondary to some other underlying cause. Patients with mutations in the HFE gene are often predisposed to developing this disorder. It has a wide range of clinical presentation, from non-specific symptoms such as fatigue to overt development of cirrhosis, diabetes and skin pigmentation. We present an unusual case of hemochromatosis where an African-American female of child-bearing age presented to the emergency room with complaints of epigastric pain. She was found to have mildly elevated lipase and liver enzymes. Imaging studies were suggestive of acute-on-chronic pancreatitis with iron deposition in the spleen, pancreas and bone marrow. Her ferritin and transferrin saturation levels were elevated. She was diagnosed with acute-on-chronic pancreatitis secondary to alcoholism and hemochromatosis and treated with phlebotomy with good outcome. This case is one of the few reported cases of hemochromatosis in African-Americans, and emphasizes that even females in child-bearing age group can develop this condition. Elevated ferritin and transferrin saturation levels should prompt evaluation for this disorder. Copyright © 2020, Hitawala et al.The complications associated with breast implants are under perpetual scrutiny to maximize patient safety. In this era of plastic surgery, a new concern being addressed is breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL). Patients with BIA-ALCL most commonly present several years after implant placement with a periprosthetic fluid collection. The body of literature and reports of BIA-ALCL continues to grow with additional nuances in proposed causes as well as management. Most recently, this has led to a recall of breast implants manufactured utilizing a specific texturing. We describe here the time course, diagnosis, and management of BIA-ALCL in a 52-year-old patient who underwent submuscular implant-based reconstruction and subsequent revision of that reconstruction with the creation of a neosubpectoral pocket. The patient was managed in accordance with current guidelines under the supervision of a multidisciplinary team. In our review of the literature, several case reports, case series, and guideline publications were identified.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Standardization of hands-on training (HoT) has profoundly impacted the educational field in the last decade. To provide quality training sessions on a global scale, the European School of Urology Training group developed a teaching guide for tutors in 2015. Our study aims to understand whether this guide alone can provide information enough to match the performance improvement guaranteed by an expert tutor. MATERIAL AND METHODS 4 randomized groups of participants underwent HoT sessions with different teaching modalities an expert surgeon (group 1), an expert E-BLUS tutor (group 2), E-BLUS guide alone (group 3), no tutor (group 4). Groups 1 and 2 were respectively provided with two different tutors to avoid biases related to personal tutor ability. Along the training session, each participant could perform five trials on two E-BLUS tasks Peg transfer and Knot tying. During trials 1 and 5, completion time and number of errors were recorded for analysis with Pi-score algorithm. The average per-group Pi-scores were then compared to measure different performance improvement results. RESULTS 60 participants from Italy were enrolled and randomized into four groups of 15. Pi-scores recorded on Peg transfer task were 24,6 (group 1), 26,4 (group 2), 42,2 (group 3), 11,7 (group 4). Pi-scores recorded on Knot tying task were 33,2 (group 1), 31,3 (group 2), 37,5 (group 3), 18,6 (group 4). CONCLUSION Compared to a human tutor, standardized teaching with the EBLUS guide may produce similar performance improvement. This evidence opens doors to automated teaching and to several novelties in hands-on training.Sustainable development supports watershed processes and functions. To aid the sustainable development of the western Balkans' transboundary river and lake basins, the Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) adapted the EPA's Index of Watershed Integrity (IWI) following the devasting 2014 floods in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia. The IWI evaluates six watershed functions based on a suite of anthropogenic stressors (e.g., impervious surfaces, reservoirs). A key feature of the IWI is its ability to accumulate the impact of upstream activities of any specific location in a river network. A novel feature of the IWI, compared with other watershed assessment tools, is its capacity to provide actionable information at the local scale. IWI scores-ranging from 0 (low integrity) to 1 (high integrity)-calculated for the 1084 catchments of the study area indicated highest integrity in the Alpine geographic region (mean = 0.55, standard deviation (SD) = 0.11) and intermediate to lowest integrity within the Mediterranean (mean = 0.49, SD = 0.12) and Continental (mean = 0.40, SD = 0.10) geographic regions. The IWI results are presented hierarchically for data analysts (stressor, functional component, Index of Catchment Integrity and IWI), ecologists (stream/catchment, watershed, basin), and managers (local, national, international). We provide real-world examples for managers, and suggestions for improving the assessment.PURPOSE Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been intensively studied in a myriad of autoimmune diseases. As for noninfectious uveitis (NIU), results have been contradictory, and studies have failed to demonstrate a consistent reduction in Treg cell frequency in patients with active disease. The present study aims to characterize T lymphocyte subsets, including naïve and memory Tregs as well as their respective CD39 expression, in the peripheral blood of NIU patients. Inflammatory as well as suppressive cytokine profiles were also evaluated. METHODS T cell subpopulations were evaluated by multiparametric flow cytometry using anti-CD3, anti-CD4, anti-CD45, anti-CD45RA, anti-CD197, anti-CD25, anti-CD127, and anti-CD39. Treg cells were defined as CD3 + CD4+CD25hiCD127low. A multiplex bead-based immunoassay was used to determine TNF-α, IFN-ɣ, IL-17A, IL-10, and TGF-β levels. RESULTS Twenty-nine patients with active NIU were included as well as 15 sex- and age-matched controls. There were no significant differences in racterization of Treg subsets, including memory Tregs and respective CD39 expression, may provide additional insight on the role of Treg cells in NIU. Consistent high levels of circulating IL-17A in NIU patients are in accordance with previous studies and reinforce this cytokine's vital role in uveitis pathogenesis and its possible use as a therapeutic target.Creativity is one of the key parts of expert performance in sport and other domains. The aim of this study was to determine the underlying perceptual and cognitive processes that underpin creative expert performance in the sport of soccer. Forty skilled adult soccer players participated. In the experimental task, they interacted with representative video-based 11 vs. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/a2ti-2.html 11 attacking situations whilst in possession of a ball. Clips were occluded at a key moment and participants were required to play the ball in response to each presented scenario as they would in a real-game situation. Moreover, they were required to name other additional actions they could execute for each situation. Their solutions on the task were measured using the three observation criteria for creativity of originality, flexibility, and fluency of decisions. Using these criteria, players were categorized into either high- or low-creative groups. Visual search and cognitive thought processes were recorded during the task using a portable eye-movement registration system and retrospective verbal reports. The creativity-based between-group differences in decision making were underpinned by differences in visual search strategy. Compared to the low-creative group, the high-creative players made more fixations of shorter duration in a different sequential order and to more task-relevant locations of the display, indicating a broader attentional focus. They also generated a greater number of verbal reports of thoughts related to the assessment of the current task situation and planning of future decisions when compared with the low-creative players. Our findings highlight the perceptual-cognitive processes that underlie creative expert performance in a sport-specific domain.

The body composition and physical fitness of members of the army is always a relevant topic for research, since the level of defense and security of people and material goods in a specific territory in many ways depends on the level of ability of the army. However, members of the armed forces are a heterogeneous group, typified by different abilities, characteristics, but also everyday needs, and the trend of changing body composition and reducing physical fitness is a current issue that has not bypassed this population either. Therefore, this study aimed to determine possible differences in body composition indicators that could appear between members of the Army of Montenegro of different military specialties.

The sample of respondents included 240 Montenegrin male soldiers (32.5yr±9.5), who were measured at the sports dispensaries within the barracks of Montenegrin Army around the country in the spring of 2020, was classified into eight numerically equal subsamples according to their military specialty. The sample of variables included five anthropometric measures, which were necessary to calculate two derived body composition indicators Body Mass Index (BMI) and Body Fat Percentage (FAT %). Using the one-way ANOVA and Post Hoc test with Taki's model, the variables were analyzed.

It was determined that the body composition of Montenegrin soldiers shows a certain peculiarity compared to other national military corps, while there are differences in body composition indicators between members of the Montenegrin Army of different military specialties.

This fact dramatically strengthens the issues of Montenegrin distinctive regarding body composition, both in general terms and in terms of distinctive within specific professional vocations.
This fact dramatically strengthens the issues of Montenegrin distinctive regarding body composition, both in general terms and in terms of distinctive within specific professional vocations.
We aimed to investigate the factors affecting healthcare utilization among patients with single and multiple chronic diseases using the Andersen healthcare utilization model.

We used a combination of the data from the sixth and seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey (2014-2016). The study population was 3,901 patients with single chronic disease and 1,829 patients with multiple chronic diseases as defined by the WHO. Participants were aged 19 yr or older. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bms-986020.html Multiple regression analysis was employed using the Andersen model to identify factors affecting healthcare utilization (inpatient and outpatient).

According to the Andersen model (comprising predisposing, enabling, and need factors and health behaviors), the factors that increased outpatients with single chronic disease were female, being aged 65 yr or older, having basic livelihood security benefit, immobility, and poor subjective health status. Factors that increased inpatients with single chronic disease were being aged under 65, havingn among patients with single and multiple chronic diseases.
During the long-time home quarantine due to COVID-19, preschool-age children can be easily stricken by negative emotions, which give rise to aggressive behaviors. Aggressive behaviors are of different types at the preschool stage. We aimed to investigate the differences of emotion regulation strategies among children age 3-6 yr old with different aggression types and explore the relationship between emotion regulation strategies and aggressive behaviors.

The aggressive behaviors of 1,187 children sampled (event sampling method) from 5 kindergartens in five cities in Henan Province of China were observed on the spot in 2020. Three aggression types (i.e., physical, verbal, and indirect) were selected to conduct a questionnaire survey on emotion regulation strategies and discuss the differences among aggressive children in emotion regulation strategies.

Children of different genders are significantly different in aggressive behaviors and problem solving, as well as children at different age levels in self-comfort, passive reaction, and negative regulation strategies. Significant interaction exists between gender and aggression but not in negative regulation strategy; significant interaction also exists between age and aggression but not in cognitive reconstruction, substitutive activity, and aggressive behavior. Significant differences exist among children of different aggression types in positive and negative regulation strategies. The discrimination accuracy of emotion regulation strategies for aggression types is 66.5%.

Significant differences exist among 3-6-yr-old aggressive children in emotion regulation strategies, and emotion regulation strategies can effectively distinguish aggressive children of different types.
Significant differences exist among 3-6-yr-old aggressive children in emotion regulation strategies, and emotion regulation strategies can effectively distinguish aggressive children of different types.
Repeated research while using the same methodology can be useful and it can enable relevant conclusions in the same health care system. The aim of our study was to perform comparative analysis of the agreement between admission and discharge diagnostic groups in period 2014-2017 with period 2006-2013 in the Clinical Center of Kragujevac, Serbia.

The 5% simple, random sample was made from the basic set of all hospital reports from Clinical Centre Kragujevac, Serbia, in the period 01.01. 2014 - 31.12. 2017 (n=10228). The first four digits of ICD-10 codes at admission and discharge were compared for agreement. We used discharge diagnosis as a "golden standard". Statistical analysis was performed using Cohen's Kappa statistic.

In the period 2014-2017, agreement between diagnosis among the most ICD10 groups increased in comparison with the period 2006-2013. Disagreements between diagnosis in the period 2014-2017 in comparation with period 2006-2013 was associated with increased length of stay in the hospital (7.5 vs. 9.1 days,
<0.01), patients were younger (54 vs 49.6 yr,
<0.01), number of males declined (26.3% vs 16.2%,
<0.05), kappa value decreased in XV ICD10 group and XI ICD10 group and kappa value increased in XIV ICD10 group.

Agreement between admission and discharge diagnosis among the most ICD10 diagnostic groups increased. Introduction of a new web application has increased the quality of data, but interpreting it requires the skill of researchers. Further research should identify modifiable causes of discrepancy between admission and discharge diagnoses.
Agreement between admission and discharge diagnosis among the most ICD10 diagnostic groups increased. Introduction of a new web application has increased the quality of data, but interpreting it requires the skill of researchers. Further research should identify modifiable causes of discrepancy between admission and discharge diagnoses.

Biopolymers are extensively used for developing drug delivery systems as they are easily available, economical, readily modified, nontoxic, biodegradable and biocompatible. Thiolation is a well reported approach for enhancing mucoadhesive and mechanical properties of polymers. In the present review article, for the modification of biopolymers different thiolation methods and evaluation/characterization techniques have been discussed in detail. Reported literature on thiolated biopolymers with enhanced mechanical and mucoadhesive properties has been presented conspicuously in text as well as in tabular form. Patents filed by researchers on thiolated polymers have also been presented. In conclusion, thiolation is an easily reproducible and efficient method for customization of mucoadhesive and mechanical properties of biopolymers for drug delivery applications.The aim of this paper was to investigate the level of influence of online media on the parents' attitudes toward vaccination of children in three countries of the Western Balkans-Montenegro, Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, in order to use the potentials of this form of communication effectively and efficiently. Online media are a critical factor of influence on the formation of attitudes in many areas of modern society, which is why their proper use plays an important role in strengthening vaccine confidence and which may further contribute to improvement of public health. On the other side, having in mind the fact that communication is an integral part of marketing, it is clear that social marketing has an extremely important role regarding the analyzed topic, especially because of the fact that social marketing activities tend to change or maintain people's behavior for the benefit of individuals and society as a whole. For the purpose of this research, a conceptual model was developed. Quantitative res parents are particularly vulnerable to the influence of online media on attitudes toward vaccines women, parents of younger age ("millennials"), and parents who are in common law marriage, as well as parents who have more children. In https://www.selleckchem.com/products/arv-771.html , the results showed that there is no statistically significant difference in the attitudes of parents in the observed countries (η2 = 0.000, F = 0.85). Based on the results of the research, the authors suggest that decision makers should pay more attention to modern forms of online communication and social marketing in order to use their potential for improvement of public health, as well as avoid the harmful impact that certain forms of communication may have on the formation of attitudes and loss of confidence in vaccines. The findings provide an important contribution for public health policy makers to identify and understand properly the impact of online media and social marketing and thus to better adapt their initiatives to changes in modern society.To explore the origin of magnetism, the effect of light Cu-doping on ferromagnetic and photoluminescence properties of ZnO nanocrystals was investigated. These Cu-doped ZnO nanocrystals were prepared using a facile solution method. #link# The Cu2+ and Cu+ ions were incorporated into Zn sites, as revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). At the Cu concentration of 0.25 at.%, the saturated magnetization reached the maximum and then decreased with increasing Cu concentration. With increasing Cu concentration, the photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy indicated the distribution of VO+ and VO++ vacancies nearly unchanged. These results indicate that Cu ions can enhance the long-range ferromagnetic ordering at an ultralow concentration, but antiferromagnetic "Cu+-Vo-Cu2+" couples may also be generated, even at a very low Cu-doping concentration.Chronic health workforce shortages significantly contribute to unmet health care needs in rural and remote communities. Of particular and growing concern are shortages of allied health professionals (AHPs). This study explored the contextual factors impacting the recruitment and retention of AHPs in rural Australia. A qualitative approach using a constructivist-interpretivist methodology was taken. Semi-structured interviews (n = 74) with executive staff, allied health (AH) managers and newly recruited AHPs working in two rural public health services in Victoria, Australia were conducted. Data was coded and categorised inductively and analysed thematically. The findings suggest that to support a stable and sustainable AH workforce, rural public sector health services need to be more efficient, strategic and visionary. This means ensuring that policies and procedures are equitable and accessible, processes are effective, and action is taken to develop local programs, opportunities and supports that allow AH staff to thrive and grow in place at all grade levels and life stages. This study reinforces the need for a whole-of-community approach to effectively support individual AH workers and their family members in adjusting to a new place and developing a sense of belonging in place. The recommendations arising from this study are likely to have utility for other high-income countries, particularly in guiding AH recruitment and retention strategies in rural public sector health services. Recommendations relating to community/place will likely benefit broader rural health workforce initiatives.The present study describes the cross-cultural adaptation of the Brazilian version (Rio de Janeiro) of the Caregiver's Feeding Styles Questionnaire (CFSQ) among caregivers of children aged 3 to 6 years enrolled in a family health service in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The cross-cultural adaptation process included the following phases (1) literature review; (2) translation and back-translation of the instrument; (3) assessment of semantic equivalence through cognitive interviews with caregivers; (4) discussion with experts; (5) pretesting of the revised version; and (6) assessment of psychometric characteristics, including reliability and validity of the scale. Results showed the appropriateness of the caregiver's feeding styles concept within the Brazilian culture and that the instrument was understandable to caregivers enrolled in a family health service. The CFSQ measurements showed perfect intra-observer reliability for "demandingness" and almost perfect for "responsiveness". Inter-observer reliability was almost perfect for both dimensions, "demandingness" and "responsiveness".

It is believed of great interest to incorporate silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) into stable supported materials using biological methods to control the adverse properties of nanoscale particles. In this study, in-situ biofabrication of Ag-NPs using Entada spiralis (E. spiralis) aqueous extract in Ceiba pentandra (C. pentandra) fiber as supporting material was used in which, the E. spiralis extract acted as both reducing and stabilizing agents to incorporate Ag-NPs in the C. pentandra fiber. The properties of Ag-NPs incorporated in the C. pentandra fiber (C. pentandra/Ag-NPs) were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Transmission Electron Microscope (FETEM), Scanning Electron Microscope (Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Thermogravimetric (TGA) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analyses. The average size of Ag-NPs measured using FETEM image was 4.74 nm spherical in shape. The C. pentandra/Ag-NPs was easily separated after application, and could control the release of Ag-NPs to the environment due to its strong attachment in C. pentandra fiber. The C. pentandra/Ag-NPs exposed good qualitative and quantitative antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Proteus vulgaris (ATCC 33420). The dye catalytic properties of C. pentandra/Ag-NPs revealed the dye reduction time in which it was completed within 4 min for 20 mg/L rhodamine B and 20 min for 20 mg/L methylene blue dye, respectively. Based on the results, it is evident that C. pentandra/Ag-NPs are potentially promising to be applied in wound healing, textile, wastewater treatment, food packaging, labeling and biomedical fields.The objective of the present study is to determine the differences between the mineral content of various organs of Helix vladika and H. secernenda, the two most abundant edible snail species in Montenegro. The bioaccumulation of 12 examined elements (zinc, manganese, copper, aluminum, cadmium, lead, nickel, iron, chromium, lithium, selenium and mercury) was determined in the hepatopancreas, albumen gland, digestive tract, reproductive system, mantle, foot and shell from three sampling sites (Biogradska Gora, Nikšić and Malesija). The examined populations of H. vladika and H. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/idf-11774.html secernenda showed a significant difference in their lithium and selenium contents. The levels of the most examined metals (Zn, Mn, Cu, Al, Cd, Pb, Se and Hg) varied significantly among organs. The digestive tract and hepatopancreas tend to bioaccumulate selenium and cadmium. The general mean concentration of cadmium in the examined snail tissues exceeded the maximum allowable level at the Biogradska Gora and Malesija sites. Therefore, the use of the Montenegrin edible snails collected from the wilderness for human consumption seems to be limited by their higher bioaccumulation capacity for toxic elements such as cadmium.As new and re-emerging vector-borne diseases are occurring across the world, East Africa represents an interesting location, being the origin of several arboviruses with a history of urbanization and global spread. Rapid expansion of urban populations and alteration of natural habitats creates the opportunity for arboviruses to host-switch from wild, sylvatic hosts or vectors into urban transmission affecting human populations. Although mosquito surveillance regularly takes place in urban areas of Kenya, for example identifying vectors of dengue virus or malaria viruses, little work has been carried out to determine the distribution and abundance of sylvatic vectors. Here, we describe the mosquito vector species and diversity collected at twelve forest habitats of rural Kenya. We conducted arbovirus screening of over 14,082 mosquitoes (47 species, 11 genera) as 1520 pools, and detected seven viruses (six bunyaviruses, and one flavivirus-bunyavirus co-infection) isolated from pools of Aedes dentatus, Anopheles funestus, Culex annulioris, and Cx. vansomereni. Awareness of sylvatic vector species and their location is a critical part of understanding the ecological foci and enzootic cycling of pathogens that may be of concern to public, animal or wildlife health. As natural ecosystems come under anthropogenic pressures, such knowledge can inform us of the One Health potential for spillover or spillback leading to outbreaks, and assist in vector control strategies.The detection of measurable residual disease (MRD) has become a key investigation that plays a role in the prognostication and management of several hematologic malignancies. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults and the role of MRD in AML is still emerging. Prognostic markers are complex, largely based upon genetic and cytogenetic aberrations. MRD is now being incorporated into prognostic models and is a powerful predictor of relapse. While PCR-based MRD methods are sensitive and specific, many patients do not have an identifiable molecular marker. Immunophenotypic MRD methods using multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC) are widely applicable, and are based on the identification of surface marker combinations that are present on leukemic cells but not normal hematopoietic cells. Current techniques include a "different from normal" and/or a "leukemia-associated immunophenotype" approach. Limitations of MFC-based MRD analyses include the lack of standardization, the reliance on a high-quality marrow aspirate, and variable sensitivity. Emerging techniques that look to improve the detection of leukemic cells use dimensional reduction analysis, incorporating more leukemia specific markers and identifying leukemic stem cells. This review will discuss current methods together with new and emerging techniques to determine the role of MFC MRD analysis.Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is successful in maintaining undetectable levels of HIV in the blood; however, the persistence of latent HIV reservoirs has become the major barrier for a HIV cure. Substantial efforts are underway in finding the best latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to purge the latent viruses from the reservoirs. We hypothesize that identifying the right combination of LRAs will be the key to accomplishing that goal. In this study, we evaluated the effect of combinations of three protein kinase C activators (prostratin, (-)-indolactam V, and TPPB) with four histone deacetylase inhibitors (AR-42, PCI-24781, givinostat, and belinostat) on reversing HIV latency in different cell lines including in a primary CD4+ T-cell model. Combinations including indolactam and TPPB with AR-42 and PCI produced a strong synergistic effect in reactivating latent virus as indicated by higher p24 production and envelope gp120 expression. Furthermore, treatment with TPPB and indolactam greatly downregulated the cellular receptor CD4.