Costa Coffee 1kg

Costa coffee is an incredibly well-known international brand with one-of-a-kind flavor. It was created in 1971 by Italian brothers Sergio Costa and Bruno Costa. They blindly tested 112 different coffee blends until they came up with a perfect blend.

Costa Coffee also offers a diverse selection of food and beverages. The Purple One, for example is a latte that is made with caramel chocolate sauce and with hazelnut syrup roasted.

Product Description

Costa Coffee is a coffee chain that offers a variety of beverages. It has more than 2,300 stores in the United Kingdom. The coffee drinks it offers are ready-to-drink, double shot espresso flat whites, lattes (simple caramel, simple and vanilla) and frappes (smooth coffee, choc fudge brownie, and caramel swirl). Costa Coffee is a Rainforest Alliance member and also supports communities that grow the beans. The company also gives money through its Foundation Friday initiative.

Costa Coffee Signature Blend Medium is a smooth, balanced coffee made from top-quality Arabica and Robusta beans. The beans are slow-roasted to give a mild flavor and rich, nutty aroma. The Signature Blend is Costa's most popular coffee. It was invented in 1971 as the Costa brothers were looking for the perfect flavor of coffee. They blind-tested 112 different combinations before finding their signature blend.

This instant coffee is ideal for home use. It is available in resealable containers for convenient storage and extended freshness. The containers can also be used to make cappuccinos or lattes. The six-jar bundle provides a reliable supply of this premium coffee.

Costa is also known for its baked goods and iced drinks. Customers love its chocolate biscuits. It also offers drinks that are suitable for vegans. Purple One latte, a popular drink during Christmas, is a favorite. It is a blend of caramel chocolate sauce with hazelnut syrup that has been roasted to create the perfect sweet, uplifting taste.

In 1971 two Italian brothers founded the company. Its goal is to provide delicious, premium food and coffee to its customers in a warm and inviting environment. Costa is known for being a friendly and family-friendly coffee shop and its customers love its relaxed atmosphere.



In 2009, the company began an unpopular campaign of advertising that attacked its rival, Starbucks. The posters read: "Sorry Starbucks, the people have spoken," "Starbucks Drinkers prefer Costa," and other similar messages. Starbucks filed a formal complaint with the Advertising Standards Authority accusing Costa of promoting misleading ads and faulty data. The ASA however, denied all claims.

Packaging

Costa coffee is a globally well-known premium brand that is renowned for its premium coffee experience. This Signature Blend is the result of years spent perfecting the blend of Arabica beans and Robusta with subtle notes of caramel and hazelnuts. It's a cup for every moment.

This pack contains 1kg of smooth medium roast instant coffee which is ready to use by adding hot water or milk. The resealable container ensures the freshness of the coffee and make it easy to store.

6 x 100g Jars: Provides plenty of supply for the continuous enjoyment of the Costa signature blend at home. Smooth Medium Roast: Expertly roasted to ensure well-balanced flavor. Premium Value: Provides the Costa experience at a price that makes luxury experiences more affordable.

Ingredients

The signature blend of Costa Coffee has been the company's mainstay since its inception around 1971, when the two brothers who founded it set out to discover the perfect cup of coffee flavour. After 112 attempts they finally found the perfect blend with this smooth medium-roasted. The blend is slow-roasted blend of arabica and robusta coffee beans with a mild flavour and notes of caramel and toasty nuts. It is a blend that works well with milk and can be enjoyed at any time of the day.

Costa Coffee is committed to protecting the environment and encourages sustainability and recycling. It makes use of recycled cups to serve hot and cold drinks. It also encourages customers bring in their own reusable cups. It also has a program that gives coffee to communities that provide the beans. It also offers education and social projects to these communities. Additionally the company runs an account that helps schools in Colombia, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Uganda and many more.

Costa Coffee has been focusing on a wider range of ready-to drink beverages in recent years. This includes bottles of the company's espresso (double shot) flat white, lattes, frappes and other drinks. It also has added a variety of iced drinks and smoothies to the menu of the company.

Costa also encourages healthy eating and has a food menu that includes breakfast items such as the egg muffin and hot bacon roll as well as paninis and sandwiches. Costa has also introduced seasonal dishes that capture the joy of the holidays, such as the Purple One latte and Toffee Penny latte, as as festive toasties, sausage rolls and paninis.

In 2019 the company announced it will start selling its Ready Brew capsules in China, which is a huge market for coffee. Costa has also introduced a line of packaged goods under its brand, such as cups and mug heaters. https://www.coffeee.uk/products/6-packs-lavazza-super-crema-coffee-beans-1kg is known for quality, and its products are available in retail stores across Europe and China. The company is still trying to bring its ready-to-drink products to the United States.

Nutritional Information

Costa is a leading coffee chain in the UK. It has been operating for more than 45 years and was established by two Italian brothers. It provides a range of snacks, drinks and sandwiches, such as cakes, pastries, and paninis. It also has a variety of seasonal items to celebrate holidays and special events.

Costa has a strong social responsibility to its community and the natural environment. Costa makes use of green tea for hot drinks, which helps reduce the carbon footprint. It also provides recycling points at all of its locations. The company encourages customers to use recycled mugs. It even offers discounts on these cups. Costa also collaborates with local schools to enhance education in the communities that cultivate its coffee beans.

A cup of coffee from Costa can provide you with a boost of energy and boost your alertness. It also contains antioxidants which help fight free radicals and protect against cancer. But, it is crucial to drink coffee in moderation. Too much caffeine can cause anxiety or disrupt sleep patterns. It can also cause anxiety and jitters, and also cause an increase in blood pressure and heart rate.

The typical Costa drink has about 92 milligrams of caffeine. The amount of caffeine contained in each drink is contingent on the kind of bean used and the method by which it is made. It also depends on the size of the drink. A larger cup of coffee has more caffeine than a smaller drink. Costa's signature blend has more caffeine than espressos from Starbucks or Caffe Nero.

Costa's Foundation also supports several charities in addition to its commitment to preserving the environment. It assists communities that supply its coffee beans by building schools and providing access to water and electricity for children. It also aims to help those with disabilities by providing job opportunities and training.

Costa's lemon drizzle cake and bakewell slices might look tempting but they're high in calories and sugar. The company has taken steps to offer healthier options in its beverages and food offerings, such as low-fat drinks that are lower in calories and less calorie to whole milk. It has also introduced a new range of coffee cans, which is flavored with Stevia, rather than sugar.

Costa Coffee 1kg

Costa coffee is a famous international brand with a unique flavor. It was created in 1971 by Italian brothers Sergio Costa and Bruno Costa. They blind-tested 112 different coffee mixes until they found the perfect blend.

Costa Coffee also offers a large selection of food items and beverages. The Purple One, for example is a latte that is made with caramel chocolate sauce and with roasted hazelnuts syrup.

Product Description

Costa Coffee is a coffee chain that offers a variety of beverages. It has more than 2,300 locations in the United Kingdom. Its ready-to-drink coffee options include flat whites, espressos and lattes (simple caramel vanilla, caramel and vanilla). Costa Coffee is a Rainforest Alliance member and helps communities that grow the beans. The company also gives money through its Foundation Friday initiative.

Costa Coffee Signature Blend Medium is a smooth, balanced blend made from high-quality Arabica and Robusta beans. The beans are slow-roasted for an unassuming flavor and a rich aromatic, nutty smell. Costa's most loved coffee is the Signature Blend. It was created in 1971 as the Costa brothers searched for the perfect flavor of their coffee. Before settling on their signature blend, they blindly tested 112 different combinations.

This instant coffee is perfect for use at home. It is available in resealable containers to make it easy to store and maintain freshness. The jars are also ideal for making cappuccinos, lattes, and hot chocolate. The six-jar package offers a steady supply of the finest coffee.

Costa is also renowned for its baked goods and iced coffee. Its chocolate biscuits are popular with customers. It also sells drinks suitable for vegans. Its Purple One latte is particularly popular during the Christmas season. It is a blend of caramel chocolate sauce with roasted hazelnut syrup for a sweet, feel-good taste.

In 1971 Two Italian brothers established the company. Its aim is to serve excellent, premium food and coffee in a space that is warm and welcoming to its patrons. Costa is known for its laid-back, welcoming atmosphere, and for being a welcoming family coffee shop.

In 2009, the company started an unpopular campaign of advertising that attacked its rival, Starbucks. The campaign featured posters that included "Sorry Starbucks: the people have voted,"" "Starbucks drinkers prefer Costa," and similar messages. Starbucks made an official complaint with the Advertising Standards Authority accusing Costa of using misleading advertisements and inaccurate data. However, the ASA dismissed all claims.

Packaging



Costa coffee is a premium brand that is recognized for its premium quality coffee. This Signature Blend is the product of years of dedication to the highest quality, combining a harmonious blend of Arabica and Robusta beans with delicate notes of caramel and hazelnuts roasted to create a perfect coffee for every single moment of your day.

This pack comes with 1kg of smooth medium roast instant coffee which is ready to use by simply adding hot milk or water. The resealable jars ensure freshness and ease of storage.

6 x 100g Jars. A large supply to enjoy the Costa signature blend in your home. Smooth Medium Roast: Expertly roasted for well-balanced flavor. Premium Value The Costa experience is available at a cost that makes luxury moments more affordable.

Ingredients

The signature blend of Costa Coffee has been the company's mainstay since its inception around 1971, when the two brothers who founded the company set out to discover the perfect cup of coffee flavour. After 112 unsuccessful attempts, they came up with this smooth medium-roasted. The blend is a slow-roasted blend of arabica and robusta coffee beans that has a mild flavour and notes of caramel and toasted nuts. It is a blend that works well with milk and can be enjoyed at any time of the day.

Costa Coffee focuses on protecting the environment, and it promotes sustainability and recycling. It uses recycled cups for cold and hot drinks, and it encourages customers to bring their own reusable cup to the shop. https://www.coffeee.uk/products/all-day-espresso-blend-strong-full-bodied-whole-beans has started an initiative where it donates coffee to the communities that supply the beans, and also offers education and social initiatives for these communities. The company also has a fund that helps schools in Colombia and Ethiopia, Guatemala, Honduras Nicaragua, Uganda, etc.

Costa Coffee has been focusing on a wider range of beverages that are ready to drink in recent years. This includes bottled versions of the company's espresso (double shot) flat white, lattes, frappes and other drinks. It has also added a selection of iced drinks and smoothies to its menu.

Costa also promotes healthy eating, and has breakfast options like the egg muffin and hot bacon roll, as well sandwiches and paninis. It has also introduced seasonal food items that reflect the joy of the holiday season, such as the Purple One latte and Toffee Penny latte, as well as festive toasties, sausage rolls, and paninis.

In 2019 the company announced that it would start selling its Ready Brew capsules in China which is a major market for coffee. The company has also launched a variety of Costa-branded packaged goods like mugs and mug warmers. Costa has a good reputation for quality, and its products are available in retail stores all over Europe and China. The company is in the process of making its ready-to-drink items available to the United States.

Nutritional Information

Costa is a top coffee chain in the UK. It has been in the business for more than 45 years, and was founded by Italian brothers. It offers a variety of snacks, drinks and sandwiches, including cakes, pastries and paninis. It also has a variety of seasonal dishes to mark holidays and other special occasions.

Costa has a strong conviction of social responsibility towards the community and the environment. The company uses green tea for hot beverages, which reduces its carbon footprint. It also offers recycling points in all of its stores. The company also encourages customers to use reusable cups. The company offers a discount on these cups. Costa also works with schools in local communities to enhance education.

Costa coffee can provide you with an energy boost and boost your alertness. It also contains antioxidants, which help fight free radicals and protect against cancer. It is essential to drink coffee in moderation. Too much caffeine can cause anxiety or disrupt sleep patterns. It can also raise heart rate and blood pressure, and cause jitters and anxiety.

The typical Costa beverage contains 92 milligrams caffeine. The amount of caffeine in each drink depends on the type of bean used and the method by which it is brewed. It also depends on the size of the drink. A large cup of coffee contains more caffeine than a smaller drink. Costa's signature blend has more caffeine than an espresso from Starbucks or Caffe Nero.

Costa's Foundation also supports a variety of charities, in addition to its commitment to protecting the environment. In particular, it helps the communities that supply the company with coffee beans by building schools and providing access to clean water and electricity to children. It also offers job opportunities and training for those with disabilities.

Costa's lemon drizzle cake and bakewell slices might appear appealing, but they are packed with calories and sugar. The company has taken steps to offer healthier options in its beverages and food offerings, including low-fat and low-calorie alternatives to whole milk. It also has introduced a new line of coffee in cans that is flavoring with Stevia, rather than sugar.

On the other hand, laminin caused cytoplasmic retention of YAP in IPAH PAEC. Accordingly, silencing of COL4A5 and LAMC1, respectively, differentially affected tight junction formation and barrier integrity in both donor and IPAH PAEC. Collectively, our results highlight the importance for a well-maintained BM homeostasis. By linking changes in BM structure and composition to altered endothelial cell function, we here suggest an active involvement of the BM in IPAH pathogenesis.Background Mortal obligate RNA transcript (MORT), a long noncoding RNA, has been reported as a potential tumor suppressor in many types of cancer. The functions of MORT involved in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) were investigated in this study. Materials and Methods A total of 67 patients with LUAD (adenocarcinoma) were recruited in this study. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/SP600125.html Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to assess gene expression. Cell transfections were used to analyze gene interactions. Transwell migration and invasion assay were carried out to analyze cell migration and invasion. Results MORT was downregulated, whereas miRNA-223 was upregulated in LUAD. Expression of MORT was significantly affected by tumor metastasis but not by the size of tumors. Expression of miRNA-223 and MORT was inversely correlated in LUAD tissue samples. LUAD cells overexpressing MORT showed downregulated miRNA-223, whereas the expression of MORT was not significantly affected by overexpression of miRNA-223. Besides, overexpression of MORT inhibited, whereas overexpression of miRNA-223 promoted the invasion and migration of LUAD cells. Overexpression of miRNA-223 inhibited the effects of overexpressing MORT on cell invasion and migration. Conclusions Therefore, MORT may inhibit cancer cell invasion and migration in LUAD by downregulating miRNA-223.PURPOSE To evaluate the feasibility of brigade-style, multiphasic cancer screening in Honduras, exploring data from 3 screening events that each tested for multiple cancers on single occasions. METHODS This series of 3 studies each used a single-arm, post-test-only design to explore the feasibility of implementing multiphasic, community-based cancer screening at the same rural location in 2013, 2016, and 2017. The 2013 event for women screened for 2 cancers (breast and cervix), and the 2016 event for women screened for 3 cancers (breast, cervix, and thyroid). The 2017 event for men screened for 5 cancers (skin, prostate, colorectal, oropharynx, and testes). RESULTS Totals of 473 and 401 women participated in the 2013 and 2016 events, respectively, and 301 men participated in the 2017 event. Staffing for each event varied from 33 to 44 people and relied primarily on in-country medical students and local community members. High rates (mean, 88%) of compliance with referral for follow-up testing at clinics and primary care facilities were observed after the screening events. CONCLUSION The multiphasic, community-based approach proved feasible for both women and men and resulted in high rates of compliance with follow-up testing. This approach appears highly replicable it was conducted multiple times across the years with different screening targets, which could be further scaled elsewhere using the same technique.Silk fibers, which are protein-based biopolymers produced by spiders and silkworms, are fascinating biomaterials that have been extensively studied for numerous biomedical applications. Silk fibers often have remarkable physical and biological properties that typical synthetic materials do not exhibit. These attributes have prompted a wide variety of silk research, including genetic engineering, biotechnological synthesis, and bioinspired fiber spinning, to produce silk proteins on a large scale and to further enhance their properties. In this review, we describe the basic properties of spider silk and silkworm silk and the important production methods for silk proteins. We discuss recent advances in reinforced silk using silkworm transgenesis and functional additive diets with a focus on biomedical applications. We also explain that reinforced silk has an analogy with metamaterials such that user-designed atypical responses can be engineered beyond what naturally occurring materials offer. These insights into reinforced silk can guide better engineering of superior synthetic biomaterials and lead to discoveries of unexplored biological and medical applications of silk. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, Volume 22 is June 4, 2020. Please see http//www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.Objective This study aimed to analyze the cognitive psychological process and to understand the decision-making process involved in university student passengers' seat belt usage behavior and the difference between front and rear seat belt use. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), two extended variables, namely, perceived accident severity and safety consciousness, were introduced. From the perspective of social psychology, we explored the psychological factors influencing university student passengers' seat belt usage behavior and the relationship between these factors.Methods The reliability and validity of 544 valid questionnaires were tested, and the differences were analyzed in the scores of the TPB variables between university student transportation majors and other majors. Finally, structural equation models were established to compare the factors affecting seat belt usage in the front and rear seats.Results The results show that the TPB could effectively explain and predict university student passengers' seat belt usage behavior. Significant differences were observed in the TPB variables, the extended variables and the behavioral intention scores between the university students majoring in transportation and those with other majors. In addition, significant differences were observed between front and rear seat belt usage. All psychological factors had significant positive effects on the seat belt usage behavior of the university student passengers, and all factors directly or indirectly affected seat belt usage behavior.Conclusions The present research adds further empirical evidence regarding the ability of the TPB to predict seat belt usage behavior. In addition, the current research results may provide a theoretical basis for policy-making aiming to improve university students' seat belt usage.

one deficient men prior to penile implant, specifically in men undergoing revision.
The aim of this study was to describe the incidence, clinical characteristics, and risk factors of late-onset opportunistic infections (LOI) in people who live with HIV (PWLHA) within the Caribbean, Central and South America network for HIV epidemiology.

We performed a retrospective cohort study including treatment-naive PWLHA enrolled at seven sites (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Mexico, and two sites in Honduras). Follow-up began at 6 months after treatment started. Outcomes were LOI, loss to follow-up, and death. We used a Cox proportional hazards model and a competing risks model to evaluate risk factors.

A total of 10,583 patients were included. Median follow up was at 5.4 years. LOI occurred in 895 (8.4%) patients. Median time to opportunistic infection was 2.1 years. The most common infections were tuberculosis (39%), esophageal candidiasis (10%), and Pneumocystis jirovecii (P. jirovecii) pneumonia (10%). Death occurred in 576 (5.4%) patients, and 3021 (28.5%) patients were lost to follow-up. A protease inhibitor-based regimen (hazard ratio 1.25), AIDS-defining events during the first 6 months of antiretroviral-treatment (hazard ratio 2.12), starting antiretroviral-treatment in earlier years (hazard ratio 1.52 for 2005 vs 2010), and treatment switch (hazard ratio 1.31) were associated with a higher risk of LOI.

LOI occurred in nearly one in 10 patients. People with risk factors could benefit from closer follow-up.
LOI occurred in nearly one in 10 patients. People with risk factors could benefit from closer follow-up.
We conducted a prospective, in silico clinical imaging study (NCT04008537) to evaluate the feasibility of cone beam computed tomography-guided stereotactic adaptive radiation therapy (CT-STAR) for the treatment of abdominal oligometastases. We hypothesized that CT-STAR produces improved dosimetry compared with nonadapted CT-stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT).

Eight patients receiving stereotactic body radiation therapy for abdominal oligometastatic disease received 5 additional kV cone beam CTs on the ETHOS system. These additional cone beam CTs were used for imaging during an emulator treatment session. Initial plans were created based on their simulation (P
) and emulated adaptive plans were based on anatomy-of-the-day. The prescription was 50 Gy out of 5 fractions. Organ-at-risk (OAR) constraints were prioritized over planning target volume coverage under a strict isotoxicity approach. The P
was applied to the patient's anatomy-of-the-day and compared with the reoptimized adaptive plans usinrics to prior adaptive studies suggest that CT- STAR is a viable treatment paradigm for the ablation of abdominal oligometastatic disease. Clinical trials are in development to further evaluate CT-STAR in the clinic.The vascular iliac myofascial flap is a compound flap with the deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA) as the vascular pedicle, carrying the iliac bone and parts of the internal oblique, external oblique and muscle-fascial tissue that cover the surface of the iliac crest and inside the iliac bone. The aim of this study was to advocate a feasible surgical strategy for maxillofacial surgeons through our review of clinical applications and to improve the quality of life of patients after the operation. In recent years, Stomatology Hospital of Wuhan University has performed dozens of vascularized iliac myofascial flaps, not only to repair jaw defects but also to complete the repair of intraoral soft tissue defects. 20 patients were followed up. These patients with jaw tumors who received a vascular iliac myofascial flap to repair compound defects of the jaw from 2018 to 2020. The Quality of Life Questionnaire-Head and Neck Cancer-37 (QLQ-H&N37) was used to evaluate their speech function (Z=-0.061, P>0.05) and postoperative aesthetics (Z=-2.824, P less then 0.05). All patients obtained good surgical results and satisfaction in terms of aesthetics and function. The successful reconstruction of these cases prove that the vascularized iliac composite flap with myofascial tissue is a reliable flap for the reconstruction of maxillofacial defects.Gastrointestinal issues are common in schizophrenia and may also co-occur with psychotic symptoms in a variety of other clinical contexts. Although their concurrent development may be coincidental, such presentations may also be attributable to a variety of underlying psychiatric, medical, and neurologic conditions. As patients may first present to mental health services, it is important that both psychiatrists and primary care physicians involved in the care of psychiatric populations have a familiarity with the differential diagnosis of co-occurring gastrointestinal and psychotic symptoms. This narrative review describes the numerous clinical scenarios in which gastrointestinal and psychotic symptoms commonly co-occur and highlights the practical implications thereof.The Psychiatric Consultation Service at Massachusetts General Hospital sees medical and surgical inpatients with comorbid psychiatric symptoms and conditions. During their twice-weekly rounds, Dr Stern and other members of the Consultation Service discuss diagnosis and management of hospitalized patients with complex medical or surgical problems who also demonstrate psychiatric symptoms or conditions. These discussions have given rise to rounds reports that will prove useful for clinicians practicing at the interface of medicine and psychiatry.Single-aperture cavities are a key component of lasers that are instrumental for the amplification and emission of a single light mode. However, the appearance of high-order transverse modes as the size of the cavities increases has frustrated efforts to scale-up cavities while preserving single-mode operation since the invention of the laser six decades ago1-8. A suitable physical mechanism that allows single-mode lasing irrespective of the cavity size-a 'scale invariant' cavity or laser-has not been identified yet. Here we propose and demonstrate experimentally that open-Dirac electromagnetic cavities with linear dispersion-which in our devices are realized by a truncated photonic crystal arranged in a hexagonal pattern-exhibit unconventional scaling of losses in reciprocal space, leading to single-mode lasing that is maintained as the cavity is scaled up in size. The physical origin of this phenomenon lies in the convergence of the complex part of the free spectral range in open-Dirac cavities towards a constant governed by the loss rates of distinct Bloch bands, whereas for common cavities it converges to zero as the size grows, leading to inevitable multimode emission. An unconventional flat-envelope fundamental mode locks all unit cells in the cavity in phase, leading to single-mode lasing. We name such sources Berkeley surface-emitting lasers (BerkSELs) and demonstrate that their far-field corresponds to a topological singularity of charge two, in agreement with our theory. Open-Dirac cavities unlock avenues for light-matter interaction and cavity quantum electrodynamics.Objective To determine the prevalence of tardive dyskinesia (TD) identified by clinicians in naturalistic data in a real-world treatment setting. Methods Electronic medical record data were analyzed from a single large community mental health treatment center for all psychiatric provider encounters of 120,431 unique adult and child patients during a 5-year period from January 2013 through December 2017, focusing on clinician-identified TD in patients prescribed antipsychotic medication. Results Only half of the antipsychotic-prescribed patients had Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) information recorded in their medical records, and only 1% of those with AIMS data had a positive AIMS identifying TD. AIMS testing represented the largest source of all identified TD in these patients, but only one-third of the patients with a positive AIMS in the record had a clinical diagnosis of TD recorded in the prescriber's diagnostic impression list from billing code data. The clinical identification of only 1% of antipsychotic-prescribed patients with TD in this study is far below generally established TD prevalence estimates of previous research. An important methodological contributor to this discrepancy is generation of the data by treating clinicians in this study who greatly under identified TD relative to systematic research methodology. Conclusions Given the recent availability of US Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmaceutical agents for treatment of TD, it is now more important than ever to identify and intervene in TD. Agency-wide policies and procedures can be established to ensure that TD assessments are systematically conducted with regularity and accuracy among all antipsychotic-prescribed patients.Recovery from coma or disordered consciousness is a central issue in patients with acute brain injuries such as stroke, trauma, cardiac arrest, and brain infections. Yet, major gaps remain in the scientific underpinnings of coma and this has led to inaccuracy in prognostication and limited interventions for coma recovery. Even so, recent studies have begun to elucidate mechanisms of consciousness early and prolonged after acute brain injury and some pilot interventions have begun to be tested. The importance and scope of this led in 2019 to the development of the Curing Coma Campaign, an initiative of the Neurocritical Care Society designed to provide a platform for scientific collaboration across the patient care continuum and to empower a community for purposes of research, education, implementation science, and advocacy. Seen as a "grand challenge," the Curing Coma Campaign has developed an infrastructure of scientific working groups and operational modules, along with a 10-year roadmap.
Partnerships among patients, families, caregivers, and clinicians are critical to helping patients lead their best lives given their specific genetics, conditions, circumstances, and the environments in which they live, work, and play. These partnerships extend to the development of health information technology, including clinical decision support (CDS). Design of these technologies, however, often occurs without a profound understanding of the true needs, wants, and concerns of patients and family members. Patient perspective is important not only for patient-facing applications but for provider-facing applications, especially those intended to support shared decision-making.

Our objective is to describe models for effectively engaging patients and caregivers during CDS development and implementation and to inspire CDS developers to partner with patients and caregivers to improve the potential impact of CDS.

This article serves as a case study of how two patient activists successfully implemented modeaches explored by this case study and to identify measures of meaningful inclusion of patients/caregivers in CDS projects.
Codesign and implementation of CDS can occur as a partnership among developers, implementers, patients, cybersecurity and privacy activists, and caregivers. Several approaches are viable, and an iterative process is most promising. https://www.selleckchem.com/ Additional work is needed to investigate scalability of the approaches explored by this case study and to identify measures of meaningful inclusion of patients/caregivers in CDS projects.

cost-function to study changes in cost with variations in time, region, prices, skill-mix and other factors.
Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are used in health technology assessment (HTA) to measure patient experiences with disease and treatment, allowing a deeper understanding of treatment impact beyond clinical endpoints. Developing and administering PROMs for rare diseases poses unique challenges because of small patient populations, disease heterogeneity, lack of natural history knowledge, and short-term studies.

This research aims to identify key factors to consider when using different types of PROMs in HTA for rare disease treatments (RDTs).

A scoping review of scientific and grey literature was conducted, with no date or publication type restrictions. Information on the advantages of and the challenges and potential solutions when using different types of PROMs for RDTs, including psychometric properties, was extracted and synthesized.

Of 79 records from PubMed, 32 were included, plus 12 records from the grey literature. PROMs for rare diseases face potential data collection and psychometric challenges resulting from small patient populations and disease heterogeneity. Generic PROMs are comparable across diseases but not sensitive to disease specificities. Disease-specific instruments are sensitive but do not exist for many rare diseases and rarely provide the utility values required by some HTA bodies. Creating new PROMs is time and resource intensive. Potential solutions include pooling data (multi-site/international data collection), using computer-assisted technology, or using generic and disease-specific PROMs in a complementary way.

PROMs are relevant in HTA for RDTs but pose a number of difficulties. A deeper understanding of the potential advantages of and the challenges and potential solutions for each can help manage these difficulties.
PROMs are relevant in HTA for RDTs but pose a number of difficulties. A deeper understanding of the potential advantages of and the challenges and potential solutions for each can help manage these difficulties.
The Mathematical and Economic Modelling for Vaccination and Immunisation Evaluation (MEMVIE) programme aimed to explore, capture and support the potential contribution of the public to mathematical and economic modelling, in order to identify the values that underpin public involvement (PI) in modelling and co-produce a framework that identifies the nature and type of PI in modelling and supports its implementation.

We established a PI Reference Group, who worked collaboratively with the academic contributors to create a deliberative knowledge space, which valued different forms of knowledge, expertise and evidence. Together, we explored the key steps of mathematical and economic methods in 21 meetings during 2015-2020. These deliberations generated rich discussion, through which we identified potential points of public contribution and the values that underpin PI in modelling. We iteratively developed a framework to guide future practice of PI in modelling.

We present the MEMVIE Public Involvement FramPI in modelling is in its infancy. The MEMVIE Framework is the first attempt to identify potential points of collaborative public contribution to modelling, but it requires further evaluation and refinement that we are undertaking in a subsequent study.We present the initial results of a neonatal screening program in part of the public health system in Honduras, that is, the Honduran Social Security Institute. The program design includes steps from neonatal bloodspot in the first newborn days to evaluation and treatment when necessary. In 2018 and 2019, 19,911 newborns were tested for hypothyroidism, cystic fibrosis, galactosemia, phenylketonuria, and adrenal hyperplasia. Abnormalities were identified in 18 newborns, corresponding to a prevalence of 910,000. Considering all births in Honduras, the estimated coverage of screening ranged between 4.4 and 5.7%. These results reinforce the need to expand and consolidate neonatal screening.Coagulum in the semen of some primates plays different roles, depending on the species. In the present study, we examined sperm motility in the coagulum and liquid portions of semen collected from captive individuals from two great ape species two adult Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) (n = 27) and three adult chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) (n = 14). The results revealed that orangutan sperm remained motile for significantly longer in the coagulum than in the liquid portion (> 18 h). By contrast, chimpanzee sperm motility did not differ significantly over time between the two portions of the semen, although motility was slightly higher in the liquid portion than in the coagulum. The evolution of the seminal coagulum is thought to be related to postcopulatory sperm competition; however, functions of seminal coagulum have not been completely elucidated. Our data from the orangutan semen suggest that in this species, seminal coagulum may strengthen own-sperm survival. This report is the first to provide evidence for this distinctive function of the seminal coagulum. This unique property of orangutan seminal coagulum might be attributable to their reproductive traits, e.g., difficulty in predicting ovulation due to a lack of genital swelling during estrus. The orangutan is a Critically Endangered species, and captive breeding, including artificial insemination (AI), is expected. However, worldwide, only one case of orangutan AI has been successful. Our findings may contribute to an understanding of their basic semen characteristics and help improve the AI method.Humans use regularities in the environment to facilitate learning, often without awareness or intent. How might such regularities distort long-term memory? Here, participants studied and reported the colors of objects in a long-term memory paradigm, uninformed that certain colors were sampled more frequently overall. When participants misreported an object's color, these errors were often centered around the average studied color (i.e., "Rich" color), demonstrating swap errors in long-term memory due to imposed statistical regularities. We observed such swap errors regardless of memory load, explicit knowledge, or the distance in color space between the correct color of the tested object and the Rich color. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pha-848125.html An explicit guessing strategy where participants intentionally made swap errors when uncertain could not fully account for our results. We discuss other potential sources of observed swap errors such as false memory and implicit biased guessing. Although less robust than swap errors, evidence was also observed for subtle shift errors towards or away from the Rich color dependent on the color distance between the correct color and the Rich color. Together, these findings of swap and shift errors provide converging evidence for memory distortion mechanisms induced by a reference point, bridging a gap in the literature between how attention to regularities similarly influences visual working memory and visual long-term memory.Pervasive congruency effects characterize approximate number discrimination tasks. Performance is better on congruent (the more numerous stimulus consists of objects of larger size that occupy a larger area) than on incongruent (where the opposite holds) items. The congruency effects typically occur when controlling for nonnumeric variables such as cumulative area. Furthermore, only performance on incongruent stimuli seems to predict math abilities. Here, we present evidence for an attentional-bias induced by stimulus control (ABC) where preattentive features such as item size reflexively influence decisions, which can explain these congruency effects. In three experiments, we tested predictions derived from the ABC. In Experiment 1, as predicted, we found that manipulation of size introduced congruency effects and eliminated the correlation with math ability for congruent items. However, performance on incongruent items and neutral, nonmanipulated items were still predictive of math ability. A negative correlation between performance on congruent and incongruent items even indicated that they measure different underlying constructs. Experiment 2 demonstrated, in line with the ABC account, that increasing presentation time reduced congruency effects. By directly measuring overt attention using eye-tracking, Experiment 3 revealed that people direct their first gaze toward the array with items of larger individual size, biasing them towards these arrays. The ABC explains why the relation between performance on approximate number discrimination tasks and math achievement has been fragile and suggests that stimulus control manipulations have contaminated the results. We discuss the importance of using stimuli that are representative of the environment.Potato plants are often exposed to biotic and abiotic stresses that negatively impact their growth, development, and yield. Plants respond to different stresses by inducing large numbers of stress-responsive genes, which can be either functional or regulatory genes. Among regulatory genes, Dehydration Responsive Element Binding (DREB) genes are considered as one of the main groups of transcriptional regulators. The overexpression of these factors in several transgenic plants leads to enhancement of abiotic stress tolerance. However, a number of reports showed that the overexpression of DREB factors under control of constitutive promoter, affects their morphology and production. Therefore, it becomes interesting to evaluate the effect of the overexpression of this StDREB1 transcription factor on plant growth, morphology, yield and tuber composition under both greenhouse and field culture conditions. To our knowledge, there is no available data on the effect of DREBA-4 overexpression on potato plants morphology and yield. Indeed, most studies focused on DREB genes from A-1 and A-2 groups for other plant species. Our results showed that StDREB1, a A-4 group of DREB gene from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), overexpressing plants did not show any growth retardation. On the contrary, they seem to be more vigorous, and produced higher tuber weight in greenhouse and field culture than the wild type (WT) plants. Moreover, the overexpression of StDREB1 transcription factor seemed to have an effect on tuber quality in terms of dry matter, starch contents and reducing sugars in comparison to the WT tubers. These data suggest that the StDREB1 gene from A-4 group of DREB subfamily can be a good candidate in potato breeding for stress tolerance.
Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) represents a commonly performed spinal procedure that poses a significant financial burden on patients, hospitals and insurers. Reducing these costs, while maintaining efficacy, may be assisted by a new powered endplate preparation device, designed to shorten procedural time while offering positive impacts on other elements that contribute to the cost of care.

The aim of the study was to assess and compare the individual cost elements of TLIF procedures with and without the use of the device, to determine whether application of this technology translated into any material procedural savings.

The records of 208 single-level TLIF procedures in a single hospital were reviewed. Surgical time, length of hospital stay, blood loss, infection rate, and other parameters were compared for the cases where the device was used (device group; n = 143) and cases which used standard tools (control group; n = 65). The cost per unit of each element was derived from the literature, online resources, and the hospital's financial department.