Evolution Korea

South Korea's democracy is susceptible to populist impulses. However, it's healthier than one would expect.

The country is in search of an innovative development paradigm. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for ancestors and as well as gendered family relationships, continues to influence the society. However, there are signs that a secular culture is gaining ground.

Origins

In prehistoric times, the ancestors of modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate millet, beans and other crops. They also raised livestock, and also made furs. They also established tribal states in succession in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also developed an industry of metallurgy, which produced bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced celadon paper making block printing, art styles and writing to Japan.

In 2333 BCE Gojoseon came into existence on the southern part of the peninsula. This state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. During this time the inhabitants of Buyeo were incorporated into Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure in which a monarch and top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy whereas the majority of the population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these people, and sometimes forced them to serve in the army or to build fortifications.

By the end of this period the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew into the southwest region of the peninsula, and fought against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the area. Baekje adopted Confucian ideas into its state beliefs system in 1390 CE, and made the male-centered concept of filiopiety into a doctrine. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families, and had to be obeyed and respected by all, including their children and grandchildren.

Goryeo, a country which ruled from 918 until 1392 CE and gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based on the shapes created by the mouth while pronouncing. This significantly improved communication between people, and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Additionally, movable metal type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was improved. It was during this period that the Samguk sagi, or 'History Of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE.

Evolution in Korea

The Korean peninsula has been habitable since Neolithic times and early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form graves lined with stone, with precious objects like amazonite jewellery being buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens and built from single large stones are widespread throughout the country.

In the first part of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. The peninsula was ruled by several states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCbetween 635 and 57 BC CE) including Baekje Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. The northern portion of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom which historians do not believe to be a real Korean state.

Following https://telegra.ph/How-Evolution-Free-Baccarat-Propelled-To-The-Top-Trend-In-Social-Media-12-22 arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, or Several States Period. Baekje is the most powerful of these states was weakened by the Goguryeo's fall (676 CE) and was left with only its southern regions in Manchuria and the the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo, and the Gaya confederacy, prospered for a short period of time.

The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to work together in order to expand their territory. Silla with the aid of the Chinese, eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935.

As Korea enters a post-crisis era its development model appears to be changing. The people who are affronted by the huge cost of the old system advocate a thorough program of liberalization in capital as well as labor markets. On the other hand, supporters of the old system try to protect it by promoting nationalist sentiments, and by inflating fears about potential job loss.

Academics and analysts are divided about the extent to which Korea's evolution is influenced by these two trends. This article examines the five phases of the Korean evolution in terms of its political development including illiberal democracies (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and participatory democracy (2002). This article also identifies key factors that are driving these developments.

Creationism in Korea

In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have had success in promoting their views to this group. A survey from 2009 showed that nearly a third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those who voted, 41% said that there was not enough evidence from science to support the theory 39% of respondents said that the theory did not align with their beliefs and 17% said it was difficult to comprehend. The level of doubt is similar to the United States where a similar number do not believe that humans evolved from less advanced types of life.

In the past, the majority of the anti-evolution movements in Korea was focused on teaching college students and leading them to Christ. A significant increase in the interest in creation science occurred in 1980, with a four-day seminar held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which featured Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the main speakers. This event attracted a huge number of professors, church leaders and scientists.



The success of this event led to the establishment of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31, 1981. The event was widely covered in the national media, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.

KACR started publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In it, the group reported on its own activities and published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated a number of slides and film strips from ICR and a few books on creationism that were already in print outside of Korea. KACR members also gave talks in universities and churches across the country.

A KACR success was seen at the KAIST University in Seoul. There, there were enough students fascinated by the concept of creationism that they raised the funds and support to put up an on-campus museum featuring creationist fossil models and other exhibits.

In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine called CREATION. The magazine covers subjects in the creation science. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established a network of local branches, which hold seminars and provide talks to children in schools and community groups.

Evolution in South Korea

In the late nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced by miniskirts, and other foreign fashion elements. Similar to the way traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern jazz and rock and roll. In this time, the famous samulnori or dance-dramas with masks were extremely popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and other instruments of music.

Korea's new model of development is being developed in the wake of the economic crisis. https://output.jsbin.com/pabohojoju/ for the new regime is to find the right balance between state-led economic policies as well as market-oriented ones. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring, or disciplining schemes which have shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4.

Baekje, founded by Onjo Prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo, and other areas, as well as migrants from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. Consequently, it came into frequent conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders along the border.

The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He was the ruler of a large portion of today's Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He was an adversary to Goguryeo.

His rule was however short-lived. After his defeat, Gungye was replaced by an influential local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later Baekje was incorporated peacefully into Goryeo as an heir state. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central rule system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms period. From that point on, the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly grew into powerful states on the peninsula, and in Manchuria.

Evolution Korea

South Korea's democratic system is susceptible to populist impulses. Nonetheless, it is healthier than what one might expect.

The country is looking for a new development paradigm. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relationships, continues to be influential in the society. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend forming.

Origins

In prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans lived by hunting and gathering wild food. Then around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock and made furs. They formed tribal states in Manchuria, and then on the Korean peninsula. They also created a metallurgy industry, producing iron tools and bronze. They traded with other states and introduced Celadon, paper making, block printing art styles, and written language to Japan.

Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state adopted Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. In this time, the inhabitants of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society with a monarch and top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy whereas the majority of the population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these people and sometimes even forced them to join the army or to build fortifications.

By the end of this period, the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew its territory into the southwest of the peninsula and fought with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the area. Baekje introduced elements of Confucian beliefs into its official beliefs and made the male-centric filiopiety idea an official doctrine in 1390 CE. Under the guise filiopiety, fathers were responsible to their families. They must be obedient to everyone and admired by even their grandchildren and children.

Goryeo, who would rule from 918 until 1392 CE introduced the world to the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth when it was pronounced. This greatly improved the communication between people and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. In addition, movable metal type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was refined. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was recorded for the first time.

Development in Korea

The Korean peninsula has been inhabited since Neolithic times and early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form of graves lined with stones, with precious goods such as amazonite jewellery being buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens and built from single large stones are widespread throughout the country.

In the first part of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. The peninsula was then under the control of a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) including Baekje and Goguryeo. Additionally, the northern part of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which the majority of historians do not consider to be a legitimate Korean state.

Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states arose in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Of them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all however, its dynasty ended when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE and left the southern provinces of Manchuria and the western region surrounding the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy flourished for a short time.

The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to work together to expand their territorial holdings. Silla, with the help of the Chinese eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935.

As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase the development paradigm of the country appears to be changing. The people who are awed by the enormous cost of the old systems support a comprehensive program of liberalization of labor, capital and markets for products. On the other hand supporters of the old system seek to keep it in place by leveraging nationalist sentiments and exaggerating fears about job losses.

Analysts and academics are divided over the extent to which Korea's evolution is influenced by these two trends. This article analyzes the five phases of Korea's development in terms of its political development including democratically illiberal democracies (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies the key factors that appear to be shaping these processes.

Creationism in Korea

In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made progress in promoting their views to this segment. A 2009 survey showed that nearly a third of respondents were against evolution. Of those who voted, 41% said that there was not enough scientific evidence to support evolution 39% claimed that the theory did not align with their beliefs; and 17% said it was difficult to comprehend. This level of disbelief is similar to the United States where a similar percentage do not believe humans evolved from lesser advanced species of life.

In the past of the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and leading them to Christ. An increase in the interest in creation science occurred in 1980, with the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which featured Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the main speakers. The event attracted an impressive crowd of scientists, professors, and church leaders.

The success of this event led to the establishment of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31, 1981. The meeting was covered extensively in national newspapers including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.

KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter called CREATION, where it published its activities and published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several films and slides from ICR and also some books on the subject that were in print outside of Korea. KACR members lectured throughout the country at universities and churches.

A KACR success was witnessed at KAIST University in Seoul. There, enough students were interested in the idea of creationism that they raised enough money and support needed to build an on-campus museum featuring creationist fossil models and other exhibits.

In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine, CREATION, which covers topics in the field of creation science. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established local branches that conduct seminars and give talks to schoolchildren and community groups.

The evolution of South Korea

In the latter half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements from abroad. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern jazz and rock and roll. In the period of this transition, the famous samulnori or dance-dramas with masks were extremely popular. https://goodwin-dickens-2.blogbright.net/20-up-and-comers-to-watch-in-the-evolution-baccarat-industry were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and other musical instruments.

The economic crisis has formed Korea's new paradigm of development. The primary challenge for the new regime is to strike a balance between state-led and market-oriented economic policies. It also involves changing the incentives and monitoring strategies that have shaped the system before the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 & 4.



Baekje, founded by Onjo Prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was established by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo, and other areas, as well as migrants from northern China. Baekje, one of the major regional powers in the early 4th century extended its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. As a result, it was in frequent confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies across the border.

The fall of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries saw strong local factions to emerge. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He ruled a portion of today's Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Later, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo.

However his rule was not long-lasting. After Gungye was defeated by an influential local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935, Later Baekje was incorporated peacefully into Goryeo as a successor state. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a centralized rule system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. From then on, the Korean peninsula was under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly developed into powerful states on the peninsula and in Manchuria.

How to Buy a Driving License in the United States

In the US, buying a driving license isn't truly typical because cops can easily confirm if a license stands if pulled over. Plus, you still have to pay costs and take a test.

The type of license you need depends on your state's laws and driving guidelines. For example, some states use junior licenses that have extra constraints for young motorists.
Get the Documents

A driving license is an important document that permits you to drive legally and is a widely accepted kind of identification. To acquire a New York driving license, you will require to submit specific files, take tests (written and visual), and pay an application fee. Furthermore, you must show your legal presence in the United States and have a legitimate address. To prevent any delays, you need to evaluate the DMV's file guide before going to a regional branch workplace.

You should likewise have a copy of the NYS Driver's Manual, which will help prepare you for your composed test. You can get this from a DMV workplace or online. Make sure to study it completely, as a failure of the written test will need you to repeat the procedure (which means paying more costs). You must likewise have evidence of identity and date of birth. The list of acceptable documents is established by the DMV, and it might alter at any time. When you have all the required files, arrange an appointment online to go to a DMV office. This will avoid waiting in long lines and speed up the service process. You can also choose a day and time that fits your schedule, but ensure you get here in plenty of time to avoid stress.
Set up an Appointment

If you're looking to buy a driving license, you'll need to arrange a consultation with the New York DMV. While you can do some deals online, the majority of require a physical visit to a DMV office or regional center. You can make a consultation online or over the phone, and you'll require to provide your name, date of birth, and contact information. You'll also need to provide the type of car you own, proof of insurance coverage, and a completed application.

When you're ready to schedule a consultation, go to the DMV site and pick the kind of service you need, such as a roadway test or driver's license renewal. You'll then be asked to select a date and time that works for you. You'll receive a verification visit or email. If you're not able to go to the appointment, you can cancel or reschedule it.



Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, you'll need to follow safety protocols when checking out the DMV, consisting of using masks and utilizing hand sanitizer. You'll also need to follow social distancing protocol to prevent contact with other people. It's suggested that you make a visit and bring all needed files with you.

You can likewise book an appointment on the DMV's mobile app. It will assist you save time by avoiding unnecessary lines. You can likewise check the status of particular DMV offices and the kinds of services they use. You can even learn which workplace uses online deals and which ones do not.

If you have an appointment, attempt to show up early for your DMV check out. Throughout busy times, you may require to wait in line for as much as an hour or more. Nevertheless, it's essential to keep in mind that booking an appointment does not ensure that you will be served quickly.

You can also bypass the DMV entirely and complete a variety of services from the convenience of your home. A few of these include sending your driver's license application, paying charges, and examining the status of your license or registration. You can also check your driving record for impressive tickets and fines, which are normally needed to be dealt with before you can renew your license.
Take the Test

A driving test is an essential part of the New York State driver's license application process. The examiner will ask you a series of questions connected to road security, guidelines and laws. It is very important to study the New York State driver's manual to get ready for your test. You can likewise take practice tests to get a feel for the test format and assess your performance.

On the day of your test, make sure to bring all necessary paperwork with you, consisting of a legitimate learner's authorization and a licensed driver who can offer proof of liability insurance. It is also an excellent idea to bring any files you might need to complete a driver's education or pre-licensing course, including the certificate of conclusion. Lastly, make sure your car remains in good working order, including inspecting the headlights and horn. It is likewise a great idea to have a tidy windscreen and to properly change mirrors for maximum visibility.

You will be asked to carry out various maneuvers during your test, such as turning and lane changes. Make certain to examine your mirrors and blind spots often, especially when changing lanes. https://utahsyardsale.com/author/targetlute56/ will also be asked to park in a parking area or on the side of the road, so practicing these maneuvers before your test can help you feel more comfortable performing them throughout your test.

After completing your test, the inspector will inform you of whether you passed. If you pass, your irreversible license will be sent out to you by the DMV in a few weeks. If you do not pass, the examiner will give you feedback on locations where you can improve and offer you with the opportunity to reschedule your test for another time.

It is not unusual to fail your driving test on the very first effort, but it is necessary to remain positive and reschedule your test for as soon as possible. The $10 cost you pay with your New York State driver's license application covers up to 2 roadway test retakes, so don't be discouraged if you fail your very first test.
Finance Your Vehicle

Buying a lorry is often the most expensive purchase you'll ever make, so it makes sense to thoroughly consider your alternatives before making any commitments. This includes not only researching the automobiles you're interested in, however likewise assessing whether you can manage your preferred regular monthly payments. Shannon Bradley covers car loans and other automotive subjects for NerdWallet. She formerly worked as an author and material manager in the monetary services market. She holds a bachelor's degree in journalism and communications.

A recent study reported that an aerosolized virus (COVID-19) can survive in the air for a few hours. It is highly possible that people get infected with the disease by breathing and contact with items contaminated by the aerosolized virus. However, the aerosolized virus transmission and trajectories in various meteorological environments remain unclear. This paper has investigated the movement of aerosolized viruses from a high concentration source across a dense urban area. The case study looks at the highly air polluted areas of London University College Hospital (UCH) and King's Cross and St Pancras International Station (KCSPI). We explored the spread and decay of COVID-19 released from the hospital and railway stations with the prescribed meteorological conditions. The study has three key findings the primary result is that the concentration of viruses decreases rapidly by a factor of 2-3 near the sources although the virus may travel from meters up to hundreds of meters from the source location for certain meteorological conditions. The secondary finding shows viruses released into the atmosphere from entry and exit points at KCSPI remain trapped within a small radial distance of  less then  50 m. This strengthens the case for the use of face coverings to reduce the infection rate. The final finding shows that there are different levels of risk at various door locations for UCH; depending on which door is used there can be a higher concentration of COVID-19. Although our results are based on London, since the fundamental knowledge processes are the same, our study can be further extended to other locations (especially the highly air polluted areas) in the world.As ongoing Corona virus disease 2019 pandemic is ravaging the world, more and more people are following social distancing norms, avoiding unnecessary outings and preferring online shopping from the safety of their home over visiting brick and mortar stores and neighborhood shops. Although this has led to a significant reduction in chances of exposure, human-to-human interaction at the doorstep of the customer might be involved during the delivery of the ordered items. This human-to-human doorstep interaction arises in some other situations also. There is a finite probability that the person standing in front of the door coughs or sneezes during such an interaction. In this work, a three dimensional (3D) Euler-Lagrangian computational fluid dynamic model is used to understand the transmission and evaporation of micrometer-size droplets generated due to a coughing event in this setting. Different possible scenarios varying in wind direction, wind velocity, ventilation in the vicinity of door, and extent of door opening have been postulated and simulated. The results obtained from numerical simulations show that in the presence of wind, the dynamics of transmission of droplets is much faster than the dynamics of their evaporation. Thus wind velocity and direction have a significant impact on the fate of the droplets. The simulation results show that even if the door is opened by a very small degree, cough droplets enter through the door. Having open windows in the vicinity of the door on a windy day is expected to reduce the chance of the exposure significantly.In the COVID-19 pandemic, among the more controversial issues is the use of masks and face coverings. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/BMS-790052.html Much of the concern boils down to the question-just how effective are face coverings? One means to address this question is to review our understanding of the physical mechanisms by which masks and coverings operate-steric interception, inertial impaction, diffusion, and electrostatic capture. We enquire as to what extent these can be used to predict the efficacy of coverings. We combine the predictions of the models of these mechanisms which exist in the filtration literature and compare the predictions with recent experiments and lattice Boltzmann simulations, and find reasonable agreement with the former and good agreement with the latter. Building on these results, we explore the parameter space for woven cotton fabrics to show that three-layered cloth masks can be constructed with comparable filtration performance to surgical masks under ideal conditions. Reusable cloth masks thus present an environmentally friendly alternative to surgical masks so long as the face seal is adequate enough to minimize leakage.Causal effect estimation relies on separating the variation in the outcome into parts due to the treatment and due to the confounders. To achieve this separation, practitioners often use external sources of randomness that only influence the treatment called instrumental variables (IVs). We study variables constructed from treatment and IV that help estimate effects, called control functions. We characterize general control functions for effect estimation in a meta-identification result. Then, we show that structural assumptions on the treatment process allow the construction of general control functions, thereby guaranteeing identification. To construct general control functions and estimate effects, we develop the general control function method (GCFN). GCFN's first stage called variational decoupling (VDE) constructs general control functions by recovering the residual variation in the treatment given the IV. Using VDE's control function, GCFN's second stage estimates effects via regression. Further, we develop semi-supervised GCFN to construct general control functions using subsets of data that have both IV and confounders observed as supervision; this needs no structural treatment process assumptions. We evaluate GCFN on low and high dimensional simulated data and on recovering the causal effect of slave export on modern community trust [30].Causal inference relies on two fundamental assumptions ignorability and positivity. We study causal inference when the true confounder value can be expressed as a function of the observed data; we call this setting estimation with functional confounders (EFC). In this setting ignorability is satisfied, however positivity is violated, and causal inference is impossible in general. We consider two scenarios where causal effects are estimable. First, we discuss interventions on a part of the treatment called functional interventions and a sufficient condition for effect estimation of these interventions called functional positivity. Second, we develop conditions for nonparametric effect estimation based on the gradient fields of the functional confounder and the true outcome function. To estimate effects under these conditions, we develop Level-set Orthogonal Descent Estimation (LODE). Further, we prove error bounds on LODE's effect estimates, evaluate our methods on simulated and real data, and empirically demonstrate the value of EFC.

Results show a shifting relationship with the territory between the Bronze Age and Late Antiquity, in which market requirements and an economic model with a higher degree of integration increasingly influenced husbandry strategies. These processes are reflected in changes in land use and forms of territorial occupation, although along different rhythms and trajectories.This study reports a comprehensive empirical investigation of the nature and correlates of anti-mask attitudes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Accumulating evidence underscores the importance of facemasks, as worn by the general public, in limiting the spread of infection. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pitstop-2.html Accordingly, mask wearing has become increasingly mandatory in public places such as stores and on public transit. Although the public has been generally adherent to mask wearing, a small but vocal group of individuals refuse to wear masks. Anti-mask protest rallies have occurred in many places throughout the world, sometimes erupting violently. Few empirical studies have examined the relationship between anti-mask attitudes and mask non-adherence and little is known about how such attitudes relate to one another or other factors (e.g., non-adherence to social distancing, anti-vaccination attitudes). To investigate these issues, the present study surveyed 2,078 adults from the US and Canada. Consistent with other surveys, we found that most (s for improving mask adherence are discussed.[This corrects the article DOI 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000708.].Patients following infection by chikungunya virus (CHIKV) can suffer for months to years from arthralgia and arthritis. Interestingly, methotrexate (MTX) a major immune-regulatory drug has proved to be of clinical benefit. We have previously shown that CHIKV can persist in the joint of one patient 18 months post-infection and plausibly driving chronic joint inflammation but through ill-characterized mechanisms. We have pursued our investigations and report novel histological and in vitro data arguing for a plausible role of a COX-2-mediated inflammatory response post-CHIKV. In the joint, we found a robust COX-2 staining on endothelial cells, synovial fibroblasts and more prominently on multinucleated giant cells identified as CD11c+ osteoclasts known to be involved in bone destruction. The joint tissue was also strongly stained for CD3, CD8, CD45, CD14, CD68, CD31, CD34, MMP2, and VEGF (but not for NO synthase and two B cell markers). Dendritic cells were rarely detected. Primary human synovial fibroblasts weduce viral arthritis.Kelp forests form an important biogenic habitat that responds to natural and human drivers. Global concerns exist about threats to kelp forests, yet long-term information is limited and research suggests that trends are geographically distinct. We examined distribution of the bull kelp Nereocystis luetkeana over 145 years in South Puget Sound (SPS), a semi-protected inner basin in a fjord estuary complex in the northeast Pacific Ocean. We synthesized 48 historical and modern Nereocystis surveys and examined presence/absence within 1-km segments along 452 km of shoreline. Compared to the earliest baseline in 1878, Nereocystis extent in 2017 decreased 63%, with individual sub-basins showing up to 96% loss. Losses have persisted for decades, across a range of climate conditions. In recent decades, Nereocystis predominantly occurred along shorelines with intense currents and mixing, where temperature and nutrient concentrations did not reach thresholds for impacts to Nereocystis performance, and high current speeds likely excluded grazers. Losses predominated in areas with elevated temperature, lower nutrient concentrations, and relatively low current velocities. The pattern of long-term losses in SPS contrasts with stability in floating kelp abundance during the last century in an area of the Salish Sea with greater wave exposure and proximity to oceanic conditions. These findings support the hypothesis that kelp beds along wave-sheltered shorelines exhibit greater sensitivity to environmental stressors. Additionally, shorelines with strong currents and deep-water mixing may provide refugia within sheltered systems.Coffee (Coffea spp.) is one of the most popular refreshing beverages globally. Coffee lipid diversity has untapped potential for improving coffee marketability because lipids contribute significantly to both the health benefits and cup quality of coffee. However, in spite of its potential importance, there have not been extensive studies of lipids among C. canephora genotypes. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) profiling of lipid molecules was performed for 30 genotypes consisting of 15 cultivated and 15 conserved genotypes of C. canephora in Southwestern Nigeria. We identified nine classes of lipids in the 30 genotypes which belong to the 'Niaouli', 'Kouillou' and 'Java Robusta' group among these, the most abundant lipid class was the triacylglycerols, followed by the fatty acyls group. Although 'Niaouli' diverged from the 'Kouillou' and 'Java Robusta' genotypes when their lipid profiles were compared, there was greater similarity in their lipid composition by multivariate analysis, compared to that observed when their primary metabolites and especially their secondary metabolite profiles were examined. However, distinctions could be made among genotypes. Members of the fatty acyls group had the greatest power to discriminate among genotypes, however, lipids that were low in abundance e.g. a cholesterol ester (203), and phosphotidylethanolamine (340) were also helpful to understand the relationships among C. canephora genotypes. The divergent lipid profiles identified among the C. canephora genotypes, correlated with their Single Nucleotide Polymorphism grouping as assessed by genotype-by-sequencing, and will be exploited to improve coffee cup quality.Walking is a complex motor function requiring coordination of all body parts. Parkinson's disease (PD) motor signs such as rigidity, bradykinesia, and impaired balance affect movements including walking. Here, we propose a computational method to objectively assess the effects of Parkinson's disease pathology on coordination between trunk, shoulder and limbs during the gait cycle to assess medication state and disease severity. Movements during a scripted walking task were extracted from wearable devices placed at six different body locations in participants with PD and healthy participants. Three-axis accelerometer data from each device was synchronized at the beginning of either left or right steps. Canonical templates of movements were then extracted from each body location. Movements projected on those templates created a reduced dimensionality space, where complex movements are represented as discrete values. These projections enabled us to relate the body coordination in people with PD to disease severity.