© 2020 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.Agricultural expansion encroaches on tropical forests and primates in such landscapes frequently incorporate crops into their diet. Understanding the nutritional drivers behind crop-foraging can help inform conservation efforts to improve human-primate coexistence. This study builds on existing knowledge of primate diets in anthropogenic landscapes by estimating the macronutrient content of 24 wild and 11 cultivated foods (90.5% of food intake) consumed by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Bossou, Guinea, West Africa. We also compared the macronutrient composition of Bossou crops to published macronutrient measures of crops from Bulindi, Uganda, East Africa. The composition of wild fruits, leaves, and pith were consistent with previous reports for primate diets. Cultivated fruits were higher in carbohydrates and lower in insoluble fiber than wild fruits, while wild fruits were higher in protein. Macronutrient content of cultivated pith fell within the ranges of consumed wild pith. Oil palm food parts were relatively rich in carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and/or fermentable fiber, adding support for the nutritional importance of the oil palm for West African chimpanzees. We found no differences in the composition of cultivated fruits between Bossou and Bulindi, suggesting that macronutrient content alone does not explain differences in crop selection. Our results build on the current understanding of chimpanzee feeding ecology within forest-agricultural mosaics and provide additional support for the assumption that crops offer primates energetic benefits over wild foods. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.PURPOSE In 2004, Boumezbeur et al proposed a simple yet powerful approach to detect the metabolism of 13 C-enriched substrates in the brain. Their approach consisted of dynamic 1 H-MRS, without a 13 C radiofrequency (RF) channel, and its successful application was demonstrated in monkeys. Since then, this promising method has yet to be applied rigorously in humans. In this study, we revisit the use of dynamic 1 H-MRS to measure the metabolism of 13 C-enriched substrates and demonstrate its application in the human brain. METHODS In healthy participants, 1 H-MRS data were acquired dynamically before and following a bolus infusion of [1-13 C] glucose. Data were acquired on a 3T clinical MRI scanner using a short-TE SPECIAL sequence, with regions of interest in both anterior and posterior cingulate cortex. Using simulated basis spectra to model signal changes in both 12 C-bonded and 13 C-coupled resonances, the acquired spectra were fit in LCModel to obtain labeling time courses for glutmate and glutamine at both C4 and C3 positions. RESULTS Presence of the 13 C label was clearly detectable, owing to the pronounced effect of heteronuclear (13 C-1 H) scalar coupling on the observed 1 H spectra. A decrease in signal from 12 C-bonded protons and an increase in signal from 13 C-coupled protons were observed. The fractional enrichment of Glu-C4, (Glu+Gln)-C4, and (Glu+Gln)-C3 at 30 minutes following infusion of [1-13 C] glucose was similar in both regions 11% to 13%, 9% to 12% and 3% to 5%, respectively. CONCLUSION These preliminary results confirm the feasibility of the use of dynamic 1 H-MRS to monitor 13 C labeling in the human brain, without a 13 C RF channel. © 2020 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to examine the prevalence of third molars in panoramic radiographs in a population-based study of adults aged ≥30 years. METHODS Out of a sample of 8028 inhabitants of Finland, selected with two-staged stratified cluster-sampling method for the Health 2000 Survey, 5989 participated in clinical oral examination and panoramic radiography. Mean age was 52.5 years (SD 14.6; range 30-97 years). The following variables were included in the analysis participant characteristics, clinical number of all teeth, and radiographic prevalence and characteristics of third molars. Statistics included chi-squared, Fisher's exact, and Kruskal-Wallis tests and SAS-SUDAAN calculations. RESULTS A total of 5912 third molars in 47.8% of the study population were recorded from panoramic radiographs. At least one impacted third molar was found in 21.9% of the study population. More than half (57.3%) of the remaining third molars were located in the mandible. A preponderance of participants with all third molars missing were observed in the oldest age group, women, those with lower education and those living in the countryside. Third molars or remnants thereof were observed radiographically in 3.9% of clinically edentulous study population. CONCLUSIONS The panoramic radiographs disclosed many remaining third molars in adult Finns aged ≥30 years. One-third of the third molars located impacted which may cause unexpected need for care. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pf-04957325.html © 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.OBJECTIVES This study aimed to clarify the efficacy of a border-moulding procedure with low-flow silicone impression material compared with a conventional compound to complete denture fabrication. It also aimed to evaluate the influence of various functional tasks during the lingual-side moulding procedure regarding the depth and width of the border. METHODS Ten dentate subjects (three men, seven women; average age 30 years) were enrolled in this study after giving informed consent. A specially designed custom impression tray for the mandibular lingual side was fabricated for each subject. With the tray and heavy-body-type silicone material, lingual border moulding was performed that included four functional tasks tongue protrusion (TP), licking the upper lip with the tongue (UL), swallowing (SW), and placing the tongue tip to the palate (PP). RESULTS Within the limitations of this study, the results suggested that heavy-body silicone impression material is satisfactory for use in the border-moulding procedure, giving reproducible results. CONCLUSION There were no significant differences among the functional tasks regarding the depth and width of the lingual flange except for swallowing, which exhibited the largest values. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.