© 2020 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Lipid and cholesterol reprogramming are often observed in specific cancer subtypes. We find that triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs), but not estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) ones, adopt nuclear receptor RAR-related orphan receptor γ (RORγ) as their new master activator of cholesterol biosynthesis program. Its dominant role over sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) renders TNBC highly vulnerable to RORγ inhibitors alone or in combination with statins. © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Accumulation of DNA damage in resting cells is an emerging cause of human disease. We identified a mechanism of DNA double-strand break (DSB) formation in non-replicating cells, which strictly depends on transcription. These transcriptional DSBs arise from the twinned processing of R-loops and topoisomerase I and may underlie neurological disorders and cancers. © 2020 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC."In the field of observation, chance favours only the prepared mind" (Louis Pasteur). This motto seems to have guided our unexpected results published recently in Nature Communications, where we describe an epigenetic rheostat that regulates expression of the constituents of the lysosomal and autophagic systems. © 2020 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Normal cells exposed to cancer-causing events respond by triggering cellular senescence, a stress response which halts cell proliferation and constitutes a protective anti-cancer barrier. We have uncovered a previously unknown signaling pathway implicating p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) in the control of senescence in breast cancer, via the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) subunit RELB and the CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPβ). © 2020 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Chromatin remodeling is at the root of any cell fate decision, laying the foundation for the necessary reprogramming to occur. Our work shows histone H3 variants as a new addition to the ever-growing body of epigenetic regulators, one that is essential for cell fate transitions in carcinoma cells to promote tumor progression and metastasis. © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Reconstruction of combined skin and tendon loss in an injury of the dorsum of the hand is a challenging problem because it is required to achieve adequate excursion of the tendon. We herein report our case of extensor tendon repair for a dorsal hand injury using a rolled deep temporal fascial (DTF) graft and a free temporoparietal fascial flap. The patient regained satisfactory hand function with minimal donor site morbidity. DTF utilization as tendon grafts spares another incision for tendon grafting. Furthermore, one can integrate all the donor sites into the temporal region by choosing the scalp as a donor site for skin grafting. Patients can benefit from this procedure, which provides a functional reconstruction of the hand and leaves only inconspicuous donor site scars. © 2020 The Authors.Dermatographism, also known as skin writing, is an immunological response that remains an enigma. It occurs when normal skin is stroked with a dull object causing it to become raised and inflamed, and assume the shape of the stroke. Here we present a case of dermatographia in a denervated deep inferior epigastric perforator flap used to reconstruct breast tissue following mastectomy. © 2019 The Authors.Perforator-based flaps have in recent years become the mainstay of autologous breast reconstruction practice. Imaging modalities ranging from Doppler ultrasound to CT angiography demonstrate varying utility in the preoperative identification and localisation of perforators. Despite these available radiological investigations, finding and quantitatively assessing perforators remain a time-consuming and tedious process that is often complicated by a number of factors including variable anatomy prior surgery and body habitus. Thermographic imaging shows promise as a novel modality for preoperative localisation of perforator vessels. This review summarises the currently available evidence for its application in perforator mapping for abdominal-based autologous breast reconstruction. We discuss the development of the technology over the years, its current use, its advantages and how it may impact on reconstructive breast surgery. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Acetylcholine-chloride.html © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons.Background Breast surgery often requires changing the diameter of the areola. Recommended areolar size is commonly based on population averages, or surgical judgement. An ideal areola size has not been previously been described. We hypothesized that the ideal areolar diameter would be proportional to two breast measurements not commonly altered during breast surgery the nipple diameter and breast base width. Methods 'The Sun' newspaper (London, UK) publishes photographs of topless models which are selected based on the aesthetic appeal of their non-operated breasts. The publication's archive, from March 2014 to January 2017, was independently reviewed by three authors to identify photographs that presented a clear anterior view of the breast. The base width, nipple diameter and areolar diameter were measured independently by each reviewer. Measurements were pooled, and the mean was included for analysis. Ratios of the areolar diameter to the base width and the nipple diameter were calculated. Results The photographs of 58 models were eligible for inclusion. The average areolar diameter to base width was 0.29 (SD = 0.05). The average nipple to areolar diameter was 0.29 (SD = 0.06). Conclusions In aesthetically pleasing breasts, the areolar diameter is proportional to both the breast base width and nipple diameter. Breast base width is commonly measured preoperatively in aesthetic breast procedures, and is not typically modified. Breast base width can therefore be used to determine the ideal areolar size using the ratio of areolabase width ratio of 0.29 identified in this study. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons.