This paper evaluates the role of socio-cultural issues in developing climate information services that are accessible and engaging to urban communities. Two public-facing city-level climate information provision initiatives in Japan are evaluated in light of theory in environmental risk communication. The first case is Fukuoka City, Kyushu, in particular increased flood and heat risk. The second case is Tomakomai City, Hokkaido, particularly municipal data provision on potential localised climate risks related to marine environmental change. Evaluation is undertaken through in-depth interviews with local-level actors (policymakers, scientists, NGOs, citizens), and field observation in each location. The paper argues that at a stage where principles and best practices on climate information service provision are still emerging, it is crucial to avoid assumptions about what communities will want to know about climate risks. The paper hence proposes principles for more appropriate climate risk communication. These include (a) identifying which institutions citizens look to for information on local weather and climate; (b) acknowledging that publics can, in appropriate contexts, be able and willing to engage with complex information on urban climate risk; and (c) considering how data-driven information services fit with the more informal ways in which people can experience environmental change. © 2019 The Author.Schisandra chinensis, a widely used Chinese herbal medicine, was considered as central nervous system (CNS) drug for years. Both ethanol extracts (EES) and water extracts (WES) of it were applied clinically. Unfortunately, the difference of their efficacy and even effective material foundation of S. chinensis remains obscure. In this study, to explore the active constituents of S. chinensis, we compared pharmacodynamics and chemical profiles in vitro/in vivo of EES/WES for the first time using multiple chemical analysis, pharmacological and data processing approaches. It was proved that there was no significant difference in the anti-depressive effects between WES and EES. However, the contents of most components in vitro and in plasma were higher in EES than those in WES, which was unconvincing for their similar efficacy. Therefore, we further explored components of S. chinensis targeted onto brain and the results showed that 5 lignans were identified with definite absorptivity respectively both in EES and WES caused by the limitation of blood-brain barrier. Moreover, bioinformatic analysis predicted their anti-depressive action. Above all, the systematic strategy screened 5 brain-targeted effective substances of S. chinensis and it was suggested that exploring the components into nidi would promote the studies on herbs effective material basis. © 2020 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.Liposomes, as one of the most successful nanotherapeutics, have a major impact on many biomedical areas. In this study, we performed laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays to investigate the intra-tumor transport and antitumor mechanism of GE11 peptide-conjugated active targeting liposomes (GE11-TLs) in SMMC7721 xenograft model. According to classification of individual cell types in high resolution images, biodistribution of macrophages, tumor cells, cells with high epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression and interstitial matrix in tumor microenvironment, in addition, their impacts on intra-tumor penetration of GE11-TLs were estimated. Type I collagen fibers and macrophage flooded in the whole SMMC7721 tumor xenografts. Tumor angiogenesis was of great heterogeneity from the periphery to the center region. However, the receptor-binding site barriers were supposed to be the leading cause of poor penetration of GE11-TLs. We anticipate these images can give a deep reconsideration for rational design of target nanoparticles for overcoming biological barriers to drug delivery. © 2020 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.The limited penetration of nanoparticles and their poor accessibility to cancer cell fractions in tumor remain essential challenges for effective anticancer therapy. Herein, we designed a targeting peptide-decorated biomimetic lipoprotein (termed as BL-RD) to enable their deep penetration and efficient accessibility to cancer cell fractions in a tumor, thereby improving the combinational chemo-photodynamic therapy of triple negative breast cancer. BL-RD was composed of phospholipids, apolipoprotein A1 mimetic peptide (PK22), targeting peptide-conjugated cytotoxic mertansine (RM) and photodynamic agents of DiIC18(5) (DiD). The counterpart biomimetic lipoprotein system without RM (termed as BL-D) was fabricated as control. Both BL-D and BL-RD were nanometer-sized particles with a mean diameter of less than 30 nm and could be efficiently internalized by cancer cells. After intravenous injection, they can be specifically accumulated at tumor sites. When comparing to the counterpart BL-D, BL-RD displayed superior capability to permeate across the tumor mass, extravasate from tumor vasculature to distant regions and efficiently access the cancer cell fractions in a solid tumor, thus producing noticeable depression of the tumor growth. Taken together, BL-RD can be a promising delivery nanoplatform with prominent tumor-penetrating and cancer cells-accessing capability for effective tumor therapy. https://www.selleckchem.com/PI3K.html © 2020 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.A series of 2-(((5-akly/aryl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)methyl)thio)-5-alkyl-6-(cyclohexylmethyl)-pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones were synthesized and their anti-HIV-1 activities were evaluated. Most of these compounds were highly active against wild-type (WT) HIV-1 strain (IIIB) with EC50 values in the range of 0.0038-0.4759 μmol/L. Among those compounds, I-11 had an EC50 value of 3.8 nmol/L and SI (selectivity index) of up to 25,468 indicating excellent activity against WT HIV-1. In vitro anti-HIV-1 activity and resistance profile studies suggested that compounds I-11 and I-12 displayed potential anti-HIV-1 activity against laboratory adapted strains and primary isolated strains including different subtypes and tropism strains (EC50s range from 4.3 to 63.6 nmol/L and 18.9-219.3 nmol/L, respectively). On the other hand, it was observed that those two compounds were less effective with EC50 values of 2.77 and 4.87 μmol/L for HIV-1A17 (K103N + Y181C). The activity against reverse transcriptase (RT) was also evaluated for those compounds.