Historic and modern efforts to understand lichen diversity and evolution have overwhelmingly concentrated on that of the fungal partner, which represents one of the most taxonomically diverse nutritional modes among the Fungi. But what about the algal and cyanobacterial symbionts? An explosion of studies on these cryptic symbionts over the past 20+ years has facilitated a richer understanding of their diversity, patterns of association, and the symbiosis itself. In a From the Cover article in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Dal Forno et al. (2021) provide new insight into one of the most fascinating lichen symbioses. By sequencing cyanobacterial symbionts from over 650 specimens, they reveal the presence of overlooked cyanobacterial diversity, evidence for symbiont sharing among distantly related fungi, and utilize a comparative dating framework to demonstrate temporal discordance among interacting fungal and cyanobacterial lineages.
COVID-19 infection is severe in the presence of older age, male gender and risk factors. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the level of anxiety created by immensely spreading COVID-19-related information and age, gender and the presence of risk factors.

The data used in this study were obtained by collecting a 25-question questionnaire created through Google forms with various communication tools.

The data of 929 people who answered the questionnaire were used. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/purmorphamine.html The level of anxiety increased with age significantly, upon hearing that a person from their age group was harmed by the virus (P<.001). The feelings of being depressed and hopeless significantly increased as the age increased (P<.001). There was no significant difference between the genders in terms of feeling depressed and feeling of lack of joy in life (P=.066, P=.308, respectively). Participants with chronic diseases stated that they felt more depressed and hopeless and a lack of joy in life more frequently (P<.001).

Our results indicated that individuals with older age and having risk factors were more vulnerable to the stress caused by the pandemic. It is necessary for healthcare providers to identify high-risk groups by considering these situations, in order to make early psychological interventions.
Our results indicated that individuals with older age and having risk factors were more vulnerable to the stress caused by the pandemic. It is necessary for healthcare providers to identify high-risk groups by considering these situations, in order to make early psychological interventions.
To end the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic, efficient diagnostic tools are needed. In a previous calibration study, a portable 'point of care' electronic nose device (Aeonose
) proved to be a promising tool in a hospital setting. We evaluated this technology to detect TB in an indigenous population in Paraguay.

131 participants were enrolled. ENose results were compared with anamnesis, physical examinations, chest radiography and mycobacterial cultures in individual with sings and symptoms compatible with TB. The eNose analysis was performed in two stages firstly, the training with a combination of a previous study population plus 47 participants from the new cohort (total n=153), and secondly the "blind prediction" of 84 participants.

21% of all participants (n=131) showed symptoms and/or chest radiography abnormalities suspicious of TB. No sputum samples resulted culture positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Only one patient had a positive smell print analysis. In the training model, the specificity was 92% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 85%-96%) and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 95%. In the blind prediction model, the specificity and the NPV were 99% (95% CI 93%-99%) and 100% respectively. Although the sensitivity and positive predictive value of the eNose could not be assessed in this cohort due to the small sample size, no active TB cases were found during a one year of follow up period.

The eNose showed promising specificity and negative predictive value and might therefore be developed as a rule out test for TB in vulnerable populations.
The eNose showed promising specificity and negative predictive value and might therefore be developed as a rule out test for TB in vulnerable populations.Pemphigus foliaceous (PF) is a pustular, immune-mediated skin disease characterised by acantholytic cells and commonly treated with high doses of glucocorticoids. This report describes one case of feline PF successfully controlled using oral oclacitinib, suggesting a possible therapeutic alternative to glucocorticoids in some cases.Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) shows neuronal death in cornu ammonis (CA)1, CA3, and CA4. It is known that granule cells and CA2 neurons survive and their axons, the mossy fibers (MF), lose their target cells in CA3 and CA4 and sprout to the granule cell layer and molecular layer. We examined in TLE patients and in a mouse epilepsy model, whether MF sprouting is directed to the dentate gyrus or extends to distant CA regions and whether sprouting is associated with death of target neurons in CA3 and CA4. In 319 TLE patients, HS was evaluated by Wyler grade and International League against Epilepsy (ILAE) types using immunohistochemistry against neuronal nuclei (NeuN). Synaptoporin was used to colocalize MF. In addition, transgenic Thy1-eGFP mice were intrahippocampally injected with kainate and sprouting of eGFP-positive MFs was analyzed together with immunocytochemistry for regulator of G-protein signaling 14 (RGS14). In human HS Wyler III and IV as well as in ILAE 1, 2, and 3 specimens, we found synaptoporin-positive axon terminals in CA2 and even in CA1, associated with the extent of granule cell dispersion. Sprouting was seen in cases with cell death of target neurons in CA3 and CA4 (classical severe HS ILAE type 1) but also without this cell death (atypical HS ILAE type 2). Similarly, in epileptic mice eGFP-positive MFs sprouted to CA2 and beyond. The presence of MF terminals in the CA2 pyramidal cell layer and in CA1 was also correlated with the extent of granule cell dispersion. The similarity of our findings in human specimens and in the mouse model highlights the importance and opens up new chances of using translational approaches to determine mechanisms underlying TLE.