Increased age and difference in interocular scanning radii were associated with an increased mean and variance of interocular cpRNFLT difference at most retinal locations, apart from the area temporal to the inferior RNF bundle where cpRNFLT becomes more similar between eyes with age.

We provide pointwise normative distributions of interocular cpRNFLT differences at an unprecedentedly high spatial resolution of 768 A-scans and reveal considerable location specific asymmetries as well as their associations with age and scanning radius differences between eyes.

To facilitate clinical application, we implement these age- and radius-specific norms across all 768 locations in an open-source software to generate patient-specific normative color plots.
To facilitate clinical application, we implement these age- and radius-specific norms across all 768 locations in an open-source software to generate patient-specific normative color plots.
To examine differences in sleep between myopic and non-myopic children.

Objective measurements of sleep, light exposure, and physical activity were collected from 91 children, aged 10 to 15 years, for two 14-day periods approximately 6 months apart. Sleep parameters were analyzed with respect to refractive error, season, day of the week, age, and sex.

Myopic children exhibited differences in sleep duration by day of the week (
< 0.001) and season (
= 0.007). Additionally, myopic children exhibited shorter sleep latency than non-myopic children (
= 0.04). For all children, wake time was later (
< 0.001) and sleep duration was longer (
= 0.03) during the cooler season compared with the warmer season. On weekends, children went to bed later (
< 0.001), woke up later (
< 0.001), and had increased sleep duration (
< 0.001) than on weekdays. Younger children exhibited earlier bedtime (
= 0.005) and wake time (
= 0.01) than older children. Time spent outdoors was positively associated with sleep duration (
= 0.03), and daily physical activity was negatively associated with wake time (
< 0.001).

Myopic children tended to have more variable sleep duration and shorter latency than non-myopic children. Sleep patterns were influenced by season, day of the week, age, time outdoors, and activity.

Myopic children tended to have more variable sleep duration and shorter latency than non-myopic children, which may reflect previously reported differences in environmental and behavioral factors between refractive error groups.
Myopic children tended to have more variable sleep duration and shorter latency than non-myopic children, which may reflect previously reported differences in environmental and behavioral factors between refractive error groups.
To investigate whether UV irradiation of the mouse eye can induce photoreceptor degeneration, producing a phenotype reminiscent of the rd10 mouse, left eyes of female C57Bl/6J mice were irradiated with a UV LED array (370 nm). A lens was placed between the cornea and LED, allowing illumination of about one-third of the retina. The short-term and long-term effects on the retina were evaluated.

First, a dose escalation study, in which corneal dosages between 2.8 and 9.3 J/cm
were tested, was performed. A dosage of 7.5 J/cm
was chosen for the following characterization study. Before and after irradiation slit-lamp examinations, full-field electroretinography, spectral domain optical coherence tomography and macroscopy were performed. After different time spans (5days to 12 weeks) the animals were sacrificed and the retinae used for immunohistochemistry or multielectrode array testing. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/empagliflozin-bi10773.html Right eyes served as untreated controls.

In treated eyes, spectral domain optical coherence tomography revealed a decre suited for experimental retinal surgery.
A topical corneal cross-linking solution that can be used as an adjunct or replacement to standard photochemical cross-linking (UV-riboflavin) methods remain an attractive possibility. Optimal concentration and delivery method for such topical corneal stabilization in the living rabbit eye were developed.

A series of experiments were carried out using Dutch-belted rabbits (3 months old, weighing 1.0-1.5 kg) and topical cross-linking solutions (sodium hydroxymethylglycinate) (10-250 mM) delivered via corneal reservoir. The application regimen included a one-time 30-minute application (10-40 mM sodium hydroxymethylglycinate) as well as a once per week 5-minute application (250 mM sodium hydroxymethylglycinate) for 7 weeks. Animals were evaluated serially for changes in IOP, pachymetry, epithelial integrity, and endothelial cell counts. Keratocyte changes were identified using intravital laser scanning confocal microscopy. Post mortem efficacy was evaluated by mechanical inflation testing.

Overall, there w tested in patients suffering from keratoconus and other conditions marked by corneal tissue weakness.
A topical corneal cross-linking solution delivered via corneal reservoir is shown to be both safe and effective at increasing tissue strength in living rabbit eyes and could now be tested in patients suffering from keratoconus and other conditions marked by corneal tissue weakness.
To determine whether there is a significant correlation between the amplitude of the photopic negative response (PhNR) and the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFLT) in eyes of young, healthy subjects.

We analyzed 136 eyes of 136 young, healthy subjects (89 males and 47 females; age, 20-29 years). The PhNRs were recorded with the RET
system without mydriasis using red flashes on a blue background. PhNR amplitude was measured at two points at 72 ms (P
) and at the negative trough following the b-wave (P
). Univariate and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to identify the independent variables that were significantly correlated with P
and P
. The variables included age, sex, axial length, pRNFLT, intraocular pressure (IOP), a-wave amplitude, b-wave amplitude, and pupillary area during the electroretinogram recordings.

The amplitudes of P
and P
were significantly larger in female subjects (
= 0.021 and
= 0.001, respectively). Univariate analyses showed that PhNR amplitudes were significantly correlated with pRNFLT (P

= 0.246,
= 0.004; P

= 0.219,
= 0.011). Female sex was significantly and negatively correlated with P
(
= -0.206;
= 0.016) and P
(
= -0.271;
= 0.001). Multivariable regression analyses showed that greater pRNFLT was an independent factor significantly associated with a larger P
(
= 0.283;
= 0.004) and P
(
= 0.299;
= 0.002). Female sex was an independent factor that was significantly associated with a larger P
(
= -0.208;
= 0.022).

These findings indicate that PhNR amplitude is significantly associated with pRNFLT and female sex in young, healthy subjects.

The amplitude of the PhNR recorded with RET
is smaller in subjects with thinner pRNFLT not only in glaucoma patients but also in young healthy subjects.
The amplitude of the PhNR recorded with RETeval is smaller in subjects with thinner pRNFLT not only in glaucoma patients but also in young healthy subjects.
Glaucoma is the world's most common cause of irreversible blindness, which makes early diagnosis, with the goal of preserving vision, essential. The current medical intervention is to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) to slow down progression of the disease. The main goal of this study was to test a novel handheld acoustic self-tonometer on humans.

A sound pressure pulse generated by a loudspeaker causes the eye to vibrate. A pressure chamber is placed on the human orbit to form a coupled system comprised of the patient's eye, the enclosed air, and the loudspeaker. A displacement sensor in front of the loudspeaker membrane allows the dynamic behavior of the entire system to be detected.

For this clinical trial series, a prototype of the acoustic self-tonometer principle was applied. The resulting membrane oscillation data showed sensitivity of patient IOP, but direct allocation of the measured damping and frequency to the IOP was not significant. For this reason, an artificial neural network was used to find relationships among the subjects' biometric eye parameters in combination with the self-tonometer data for the IOP reference. An expanded measurement uncertainty (
= 2) equal to 6.53 mm Hg was determined for the self-tonometer in a Bland-Altman analysis using Goldmann applanation tonometer reference measurements.

The usability and success rate of producing valid measurement values with the device during self-measurements by test subjects was nearly 92%. The cross-sensitivities observed require compensation in a possible redesign phase to reduce the measurement uncertainty by at least 25% to the maximum of 5 mm Hg required to seek medical device approval.

Building on successful laboratory experiments with pig eyes, this article reports the results of testing the acoustic tonometer on humans.
Building on successful laboratory experiments with pig eyes, this article reports the results of testing the acoustic tonometer on humans.
Voretigene Neparvovec-rzyl (VN) is the first available treatment for biallelic RPE65 mutation-associated inherited retinal degeneration, which is usually associated with infancy-onset severe visual impairment and complete blindness during the third life decade. We aim to estimate the cost effectiveness of VN in Germany considering medication costs of €410,550 per eye and potential indirect cost offsets by higher labor force participation.

We developed an individual patient sampling model to simulate patients over their lifetime. In a Monte Carlo analysis, 1000 simulations are performed. Cycle length of the two-state Markov model is 1 year. For each cycle, visual field and best-corrected visual acuity are tracked, compared with natural progression and converted to quality of life. Direct and indirect costs are recorded and the incremental cost-utility ratio is calculated.

In the base case scenario, VN provides 4.82 additional quality-adjusted life-years over a patient's lifetime at an incremental cost-utility ratio of €156,853 per additional quality-adjusted life-year gained. Sensitivity analyses show the robustness of the results when altering treatment effect duration, discounting of quality-adjusted life-years and costs, direct costs, and natural progression.

Under a lifetime perspective, VN proves to be cost effective for the German statutory health insurance system despite high initial treatment costs. Because VN has important implications for future gene therapies, cost-utility analyses have high economic relevance from a societal perspective.

Our research analyzes the value of a gene augmentation therapy in clinical care in terms of quality of life gains for patients with blindness from retinal degeneration.
Our research analyzes the value of a gene augmentation therapy in clinical care in terms of quality of life gains for patients with blindness from retinal degeneration.
To describe the creation of en face retinal vessel shadow view (RVSV) optical coherence tomography (OCT) images and assess the feasibility of using these for evaluating vascular disease in preterm infants at risk for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

In this exploratory study, we selected images from eyes with a range of ROP vascular disease, prospectively acquired from preterm infants using an investigational, noncontact, handheld, bedside swept-source OCT. We autosegmented OCT volumes using custom infant-specific software, extracted RVSV-OCT images from volumetric data bracketed around the retinal pigment epithelium, and automontaged the resulting RVSV-OCT images. Three masked ophthalmologists graded the RVSV-OCT montages as plus, pre-plus, or neither and ranked them by relative vascular disease severity.

We selected images from 17 imaging sessions (7 plus, 4 pre-plus, 6 neither on clinical examination). On review, 15/17 (88%) RVSV-OCT montages were gradable for plus, pre-plus, or neither and all 17 montages were rankable for relative severity.