Furthermore, we revealed the presence of an intraocular microbiome in normal eyes from non-human mammals and demonstrated that this varied across species (rat, rabbit, pig, and macaque) and was established after birth. These findings represent the first-ever evidence of intraocular microbiota in humans.Conventional wisdom posits that spin-triplet energy transfer (TET) is only operative over short distances because Dexter-type electronic coupling for TET rapidly decreases with increasing donor acceptor separation. While coherent mechanisms such as super-exchange can enhance the magnitude of electronic coupling, they are equally attenuated with distance. Here, we report endothermic charge-transfer-mediated TET as an alternative mechanism featuring shallow distance-dependence and experimentally demonstrated it using a linked nanocrystal-polyacene donor acceptor pair. Donor-acceptor electronic coupling is quantitatively controlled through wavefunction leakage out of the core/shell semiconductor nanocrystals, while the charge/energy transfer driving force is conserved. Attenuation of the TET rate as a function of shell thickness clearly follows the trend of hole probability density on nanocrystal surfaces rather than the product of electron and hole densities, consistent with endothermic hole-transfer-mediated TET. The shallow distance-dependence afforded by this mechanism enables efficient TET across distances well beyond the nominal range of Dexter or super-exchange paradigms.Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with altered functioning in multiple cognitive domains and neural networks. This paper offers an overarching biological perspective across these. We applied a novel strategy that extracts functional connectivity modulations in the brain across one (Psingle), two (Pmix) or three (Pall) cognitive tasks and compared the pattern of modulations between participants with ADHD (n-89), unaffected siblings (n = 93) and controls (n = 84; total N = 266; age range = 8-27 years). Participants with ADHD had significantly fewer Pall connections (modulated regardless of task), but significantly more task-specific (Psingle) connectivity modulations than the other groups. The amplitude of these Psingle modulations was significantly higher in ADHD. Unaffected siblings showed a similar degree of Pall connectivity modulation as controls but a similar degree of Psingle connectivity modulation as ADHD probands. Pall connections were strongly reproducible at the individual level in controls, but showed marked heterogeneity in both participants with ADHD and unaffected siblings. The pattern of reduced task-generic and increased task-specific connectivity modulations in ADHD may be interpreted as reflecting a less efficient functional brain architecture due to a reduction in the ability to generalise processing pathways across multiple cognitive domains. The higher amplitude of unique task-specific connectivity modulations in ADHD may index a more "effortful" coping strategy. Unaffected siblings displayed a task connectivity profile in between that of controls and ADHD probands, supporting an endophenotype view. Our approach provides a new perspective on the core neural underpinnings of ADHD.The strawberry Fra a 1 proteins belong to the class 10 Pathogenesis-Related (PR-10) superfamily. In strawberry, a large number of members have been identified, but only a limited number is expressed in the fruits. In this organ, Fra a 1.01 and Fra a 1.02 are the most abundant Fra proteins in the green and red fruits, respectively, however, their function remains unknown. To know the function of Fra a 1.02 we have generated transgenic lines that silence this gene, and performed metabolomics, RNA-Seq, and hormonal assays. Previous studies associated Fra a 1.02 to strawberry fruit color, but the analysis of anthocyanins in the ripe fruits showed no diminution in their content in the silenced lines. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of the genes differentially expressed indicated that oxidation/reduction was the most represented biological process. Redox state was not apparently altered since no changes were found in ascorbic acid and glutathione (GSH) reduced/oxidized ratio, but GSH content was reduced in the silenced fruits. In addition, a number of glutathione-S-transferases (GST) were down-regulated as result of Fra a 1.02-silencing. Another highly represented GO category was transport which included a number of ABC and MATE transporters. Among the regulatory genes differentially expressed WRKY33.1 and WRKY33.2 were down-regulated, which had previously been assigned a role in strawberry plant defense. A reduced expression of the VQ23 gene and a diminished content of the hormones JA, SA, and IAA were also found. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sndx-5613.html These data might indicate that Fra a 1.02 participates in the defense against pathogens in the ripe strawberry fruits.Anolis lizards originated in continental America but have colonized the Greater Antillean islands and recolonized the mainland, resulting in three major groups (Primary and Secondary Mainland and Greater Antillean). The adaptive radiation in the Greater Antilles has famously resulted in the repeated evolution of ecomorphs. Yet, it remains poorly understood to what extent this island radiation differs from diversification on the mainland. Here, we demonstrate that the evolutionary modularity between girdles and limbs is fundamentally different in the Greater Antillean and Primary Mainland Anolis. This is consistent with ecological opportunities on islands driving the adaptive radiation along distinct evolutionary trajectories. However, Greater Antillean Anolis share evolutionary modularity with the group that recolonized the mainland, demonstrating a persistent phylogenetic inertia. A comparison of these two groups support an increased morphological diversity and faster and more variable evolutionary rates on islands. These macroevolutionary trends of the locomotor skeleton in Anolis illustrate that ecological opportunities on islands can have lasting effects on morphological diversification.This paper intends to raise the potential interest that the principles and experiences of the so-called behavioral economy have in the field of public health and, more specifically, in behavioral changes, thus substituting harmful behaviors to health for salutogenic behaviors while respecting the final freedom of choice of the person. In this article, we review the foundations of behavioral economics, emphasizing the work of Tversky and Kahneman and their approach to prospective theory and the role of brain activity levels 1 (automatic) and 2 (reflective) in decision making process. On the basis of these approaches, Thaler and Sustein identify a series of biases that will be used as tools to facilitate behavioral changes through a set of actions "that modify people's behavior in a predictable way without prohibiting any option or significantly changing their economic incentives" based on the so-called libertarian paternalism. We review its interest in public health, citing some empirical studies that demonstrate its high level of effectiveness and efficiency, reflected in the creation of Nudge Units in various countries, and concluding that this can be an interesting tool to add (not to replace) the classical techniques of health promotion and disease prevention.