permissions@oup.com.AIMS To investigate the effect of ethanol intake on the whole enterohepatic circulation (EHC) of bile acids (BAs) and, more importantly, on pharmacokinetics of irinotecan. METHODS The present study utilized a mouse model administered by gavage with 0 (control), 240 mg/100 g (30%, v/v) and 390 mg/100 g (50%, v/v) ethanol for 6 weeks, followed by BA profiles in the whole EHC (including liver, gallbladder, intestine and plasma) and colon using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Pharmacokinetic parameters of irinotecan were measured after administration of irinotecan (i.v. 5 mg/kg) on alcohol-treated mice. RESULTS The results showed that compared with the control group, concentrations of most free-BAs, total amount of the three main forms of BAs (free-BA, taurine-BA and glycine-BA) and total BAs (TBAs) in 50% ethanol intake group were significantly increased, which are mostly attributed to the augmentation of free-BAs and taurine-BAs. Additionally, the TBAs in livy, chronic ethanol consumption had a significant impact on the pharmacokinetics (AUC0-24 h and clearance) of irinotecan and SN38; hence colon cancer patients with chronic alcohol consumption treated with irinotecan deserve our close attention. © The Author(s) 2020. Medical Council on Alcohol and Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.Importance The rapidly expanding novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has challenged the medical community to an unprecedented degree. Physicians and health care workers are at added risk of exposure and infection during the course of patient care. Because of the rapid spread of this disease through respiratory droplets, health care workers who come in close contact with the upper aerodigestive tract during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, such as otolaryngologists-head and neck surgeons, are particularly at risk. A set of safety recommendations was created based on a review of the literature and communications with physicians with firsthand knowledge of safety procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Observations A high number of health care workers were infected during the first phase of the pandemic in the city of Wuhan, China. Subsequently, by adopting strict safety precautions, other regions were able to achieve high levels of safety for health care workers without jeopardizing the care of patients. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/idf-11774.html The most common procedures related to the examination and treatment of upper aerodigestive tract diseases were reviewed. Each category was reviewed based on the potential risk imposed to health care workers. Specific recommendations were made based on the literature, when available, or consensus best practices. Specific safety recommendations were made for performing tracheostomy in patients with COVID-19. Conclusions and Relevance Preserving a highly skilled health care workforce is a top priority for any community and health care system. Based on the experience of health care systems in Asia and Europe, by following strict safety guidelines, the risk of exposure and infection of health care workers could be greatly reduced while providing high levels of care. The provided recommendations, which may evolve over time, could be used as broad guidance for all health care workers who are involved in the care of patients with COVID-19.BACKGROUND Food insecurity (FI) is associated with poor health, suboptimal nutrition, and disadvantaged linguistic, social, and academic development for children. Given the prominent role that parents play in children's development, FI may be associated with parenting practices. OBJECTIVES We aimed to understand how FI and its change over time relate to parenting in early childhood. METHODS Data were from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort parental interviews and child assessments at 9 mo and 2, 4, and 5 y old. Dependent variables were parenting practices in years 2, 4, and 5 in parent-child interaction, discipline, rules, and routines in general and food-related settings. Stratified by gender, parenting outcomes were regressed on earlier FI and child, parent, and contextual covariates, then additionally regressed on concurrent FI, using models with full-information-maximum-likelihood and cluster control. RESULTS Earlier FI was associated with harsh discipline (girls, year 5 β1 = 0.0811, P less then 0.05) and frequent evening meals at a regular time (girls and boys, years 2 and 4), before adding concurrent FI. Accounting for earlier FI and covariates, concurrent FI was associated with harsh discipline (girls, years 2 and 4 β2 = 0.0489 and 0.0705, P less then 0.05; boys, year 2 β2 = 0.0584, P less then 0.05), rules about foods (girls, year 4), frequent evening meals as a family (girls, years 2 and 4), and frequent evening meals at a regular time (girls, years 2 and 4; boys, year 2); earlier FI remained associated with harsh discipline (girls, year 5) and frequent evening meals at a regular time (girls, years 2 and 4; boys, year 4). CONCLUSIONS FI was linked with suboptimal parenting practices in structuring a general and food-related living environment, particularly for girls and by the age of 5 y. Copyright © The Author(s) 2020.The Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex includes important opportunistic pathogens which have become public health priorities linked to major hospital outbreaks and the recent emergence of multidrug-resistant hypervirulent strains. Bacterial virulence and the spread of multidrug resistance have previously been linked to toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems. TA systems encode a toxin that disrupts essential cellular processes, and a cognate antitoxin which counteracts this activity. Whilst associated with the maintenance of plasmids, they also act in bacterial immunity and antibiotic tolerance. However, the evolutionary dynamics and distribution of TA systems in clinical pathogens are not well understood. Here, we present a comprehensive survey and description of the diversity of TA systems in 259 clinically relevant genomes of K. pneumoniae. We show that TA systems are highly prevalent with a median of 20 loci per strain. Importantly, these toxins differ substantially in their distribution patterns and in their range of cognate antitoxins.