Both performance improvement (rs=0.46, p=0.04) and nap-related increase in hippocampal activation (rs=0.46, p=0.04) were correlated with nap spindle count (12-15 Hz) but not with slow oscillation power (p=0.18). CONCLUSIONS After a habitual nocturnal sleep, participants who had a 90-min afternoon nap encoded word pairs better than a comparable group who stayed awake. Increases in hippocampal activation following the nap suggest restored hippocampal function. Naptime spindles may contribute to improved memory. © Sleep Research Society 2020. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Sleep Research Society].STUDY OBJECTIVES This study assesses the impact of sleep deprivation and text messaging on pedestrian injury risk. METHODS Thirty-six university students engaged in a virtual reality pedestrian environment in two conditions sleep deprived (no sleep previous night) and normal sleep (normal sleep routine). https://www.selleckchem.com/products/U0126.html Sleep was assessed using actigraphy and pedestrian behavior via four outcomes time to initiate crossing, time before contact with oncoming vehicle, hits/close calls, and looks left/right. During each condition, participants made half the crossings while text messaging. Participants also completed the Useful Field of View test, the Psychomotor Vigilance Test and Conners' Continuous Performance Test in both conditions. RESULTS While sleep deprived, students crossed significantly closer to oncoming vehicles compared to after normal sleep. While text messaging, crossed closer to vehicles and took longer to initiate crossings. Safety risks were amplified through combined sleep deprivation plus text messaging, leading to more virtual hits and close calls and shorter time before vehicle contact while crossing. Sleep deprived students demonstrated impairments in functioning on cognitive tests. CONCLUSIONS University students' pedestrian behavior was generally riskier, and their cognitive functioning was impaired, when sleep deprived compared to after normal sleep. This effect was exacerbated when distracted by text messaging. © Sleep Research Society 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Sleep Research Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.BACKGROUND There is an observed international increase in NIV application as an alternative to endotracheal intubation in non-COPD patients admitted with community acquired pneumonia despite the lack of strong evidence for its use. The aim of this study is the meta-analysis of data from randomised-controlled trials on the effectiveness of non-invasive ventilation versus standard medical care in adults admitted with severe community-acquired pneumonia. METHODS Monthly electronic searches on CENTRAL and MEDLINE were performed between September 2017 and October 2019. Only randomized controlled-trials comparing non-invasive ventilation to standard medical care for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults were eligible for inclusion. The primary outcomes were the rate of endotracheal intubation (ETI) and the proportion of patients meeting the criteria of ETI as defined by the investigators. Secondary outcomes were the ICU and hospital mortality rate. Study eligibility was independently assessed by tfurther larger international studies. © Crown copyright 2020.The laboratory BS-90 strain of the freshwater pulmonate snail Biomphalaria glabrata, progeny of snails collected from Salvador, Brazil, is resistant to infection with Schistosoma mansoni as juveniles or adults, which rapidly kill primary sporocysts with an attack by the internal defense system (IDS). However, neonatal snails are susceptible to infection. Although neonatal susceptibility of Salvador B. glabrata was reported in 1953 and confirmed subsequently, this phenomenon has been largely ignored. In this study, susceptibility was examined in discrete sizes (shell diameters) of BS-90 snails. We found that 1 mm snails are highly susceptible and develop patent infections. Unexpectedly, most infected 1 mm snails contain primary sporocysts in the digestive gland. Snails measuring 2 and 3 mm show reduced prevalence of infection, and 4 mm and larger snails are refractory. In snails larger than 1 mm, sporocysts fail to develop normally, as shown by reduced numbers of germinal cells at 48 hr post exposure. Moreover, in larger snails an increasingly stronger response of the IDS is mounted in the form of increased numbers of sporocysts undergoing encapsulation and destruction by hemocytes, increased layers of encapsulating hemocytes, as well as increased mitotic activity of the hematopoietic amebocyte-producing organ. These results indicate a relatively narrow size range over which resistance develops and suggest that the IDS of 1 mm snails is developmentally immature. The occurrence of infections in neonatal snails may help to explain transmission of schistosomiasis in regions of low snail susceptibility and may complicate future efforts in biological control.STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep-Related Eating Disorder (SRED) is a parasomnia characterized by partial arousals from sleep with compulsive consumption of food with impaired level of awareness and memory for the event. Small case series' have demonstrated efficacy of topiramate in SRED. We conducted a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of topiramate to assess efficacy in SRED. METHODS Thirty-four subjects with an ICSD-2/ICSD-3 diagnosis of SRED with >6 months of symptoms and ≥3 sleep-related eating episodes per week were randomized to placebo or topiramate with flexible dosing to a maximum dosage of 300 mg for 13 weeks. Primary outcomes were percentage of nights with eating and CGI-I. Intention-to-treat last-observation-carried-forward (ITT LOCF) analysis was conducted. RESULTS Mean age was 39.5 years, 74% were female, with mean duration of sleep-related eating of 13.7 years. SRED symptoms were significantly reduced with topiramate (74.7% to 33.2% nights/week; n=15) compared to placebo (77.0% to 57.4%; n=17) (p=0.035). There were significantly more CGI-I responders on topiramate (71%) than placebo (27%) (p=0.016). Level of wakefulness (r=-0.49) and memory for nighttime eating (r=-0.58) at baseline predicted topiramate response. The topiramate group lost significantly more weight than the placebo group (-8.5lbs vs +1.0lbs, p=0.001). The most common side effects were paresthesias and cognitive dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS This first randomized controlled trial demonstrating efficacy for treatment of SRED supports preliminary data on the use of topiramate for SRED. Side effects were prominent for topiramate. Limitations include a small sample size and a high drop-out rate in both study groups. © Sleep Research Society 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Sleep Research Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.