Ewing Sarcoma (ES) is a rare, aggressive, and highly metastasizing cancer in children and young adults. Most ES cases carry the fusion of the Ewing Sarcoma Breakpoint Region 1 (EWSR1) and FLI1 (Friend leukemia virus integration site 1) genes, leading to an EWS-FLI1 fused protein, which is associated with autophagy, a homeostatic and catabolic mechanism under normal and pathological conditions. Following such interesting and controversial data regarding autophagy in ES, many clinical trials using modulators of autophagy are now underway in this field. In the present review, we summarize current data and clinical trials that associate autophagy with ES. In vitro studies highlight the controversial role of autophagy as a tumor promoter or a tumor suppressor mechanism in ES. Clinical and in vitro studies on ES, together with the autophagy modulators, suggest that caution should be adopted in the application of autophagy as a therapeutic target. Monitoring and targeting autophagy in every ES patient could eliminate the need for targeting multiple pathways in order to achieve the maximum beneficial effect. Future studies are required to focus on which ES patients are affected by autophagy modulators in order to provide novel and more efficient therapeutic protocols for patients with ES based on the current autophagy status of the tumors.
There have been several studies about head-shaking nystagmus (HSN) in posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (PC-BPPV). The purpose of the study was to determine the characteristics of HSN and its relationship with head-bending nystagmus (HBN) and lying-down nystagmus (LDN) in PC-BPPV and to suggest a possible pathomechanism of HSN based on these findings.

During the study period, 992 patients with BPPV were initially enrolled. After excluding horizontal or anterior canal BPPV, multiple canals involvement, secondary causes of BPPV, identifiable central nervous system (CNS) disorders, unidentifiable lesion side, or poor cooperation, 240 patients with unilateral PC-BPPV were enrolled. We assessed the frequency, pattern of HSN, and correlation with other induced nystagmus after positional maneuvers such as head bending, lying down, head-turning, and Dix-Hallpike test.

Approximately 32% of patients with PC-BPPV showed HSN. Among patients with HSN, approximately 61% of patients showed predominantly downbeat nystagmus, and two-third of them had a torsional component. The torsional component was mostly directed to the contralesional side. Horizontal nystagmus (36%) and upbeat nystagmus (3%) were also observed after head-shaking in PC-BPPV. The presence of HSN was significantly correlated with that of HBN in PC-BPPV (
= 0.00). The presence of a torsional component of HSN was also significantly correlated with that of HBN in PC- BPPV (
= 0.00).

Perverted HSN, a typical sign of central vestibulopathy, is common in posterior canal BPPV and related to HBN. For generating HSN in PC-BPPV, the otolithic movements related to the endolymph dynamics seem to be more important than the velocity storage mechanism.
Perverted HSN, a typical sign of central vestibulopathy, is common in posterior canal BPPV and related to HBN. For generating HSN in PC-BPPV, the otolithic movements related to the endolymph dynamics seem to be more important than the velocity storage mechanism.Virtual reality (VR) was introduced to maximize the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) by efficiently performing exposure therapy. The purpose of this study was to find out whether VR-based individual CBT with relatively few treatment sessions is effective in improving social anxiety disorder (SAD). This therapy was applied to 115 patients with SAD who were retrospectively classified into 43 patients who completed the nine or 10 sessions normally (normal termination group), 52 patients who finished the sessions early (early termination group), and 20 patients who had extended the sessions (session extension group). The Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNE) scores tended to decrease in all groups as the session progressed, and the slope of decrease was the steepest in the early termination group and the least steep in the session extension group. Severity of social anxiety in the last session and symptom reduction rate showed no significant group difference. Our findings suggest that short-term VR-based individual CBT of nine to 10 sessions may be effective. When the therapeutic effect is insufficient during this period, the additional benefit may be minimal if the session is simply extended. The improvement in the early termination group suggests that even shorter sessions of five or six can also be effective.Esters are organic compounds widely represented in cellular structures and metabolism, originated by the condensation of organic acids and alcohols. Esterification reactions are also used by chemical industries for the production of synthetic plastic polymers. Polyester plastics are an increasing source of environmental pollution due to their intrinsic stability and limited recycling efforts. Bioremediation of polyesters based on the use of specific microbial enzymes is an interesting alternative to the current methods for the valorization of used plastics. Microbial esterases are promising catalysts for the biodegradation of polyesters that can be engineered to improve their biochemical properties. In this work, we analyzed the structure-activity relationships in microbial esterases, with special focus on the recently described plastic-degrading enzymes isolated from marine microorganisms and their structural homologs. Our analysis, based on structure-alignment, molecular docking, coevolution of amino acids and surface electrostatics determined the specific characteristics of some polyester hydrolases that could be related with their efficiency in the degradation of aromatic polyesters, such as phthalates.Phenology algorithms in crop growth models have inevitable systematic errors and uncertainties. In this study, the phenology simulation algorithms in APSIM classical (APSIM 7.9) and APSIM next generation (APSIM-NG) were compared for spring barley models at high latitudes. Phenological data of twelve spring barley varieties were used for the 2014-2018 cropping seasons from northern Sweden and Finland. A factorial-based calibration approach provided within APSIM-NG was performed to calibrate both models. The models have different mechanisms to simulate days to anthesis. The calibration was performed separately for days to anthesis and physiological maturity, and evaluations for the calibrations were done with independent datasets. The calibration performance for both growth stages of APSIM-NG was better compared to APSIM 7.9. However, in the evaluation, APSIM-NG showed an inclination to overestimate days to physiological maturity. The differences between the models are possibly due to slower thermal time accumulation mechanism, with higher cardinal temperatures in APSIM-NG. For a robust phenology prediction at high latitudes with APSIM-NG, more research on the conception of thermal time computation and implementation is suggested.Acute pancreatitis (AP) appears to be rare disease in childhood. In children, it has a different aetiology and course, and requires different management than in adult patients. The diagnosis of AP is based on at least two of the three criteria, which include typical clinical symptoms, abnormalities in laboratory tests and/or imaging studies of the pancreas. https://www.selleckchem.com/Androgen-Receptor.html There are many known causes leading to AP in children including infections, blunt abdominal trauma, genetic factors, gallstone disease, metabolic disorders, anatomical defects of the pancreas, systemic diseases, as well as drugs, including antiepileptic drugs, and especially preparations of valproic acid. In our study, we present four cases of young patients diagnosed with acute pancreatitis as a complication of valproic acid therapy and we present a review of the literature. We believe that the activity of pancreatic enzymes should be monitored in children treated with valproate preparations in the case of clinical symptoms suggesting AP.The aim of this study was to examine the associations between linear sprint, curve sprint (CS), change of direction (COD) speed, and jump performance in a sample of 17 professional female soccer players. All athletes performed squat and countermovement jumps, single leg horizontal triple jumps, 17 m linear sprints, CS tests, and a 17 m Zigzag COD test. A Pearson product-moment test was performed to determine the relationships among the assessed variables. The significance level was set at p 0.9) were found between linear and CS velocities. Players faster in linear sprints and CS exhibited greater COD deficits. No significant associations were found between COD deficit and either body mass or sprint momentum. Jumping ability was significantly correlated with linear sprint and CS performance, but not to COD performance. These findings may be used by coaches and practitioners to guide testing and training prescriptions in this population. The associations observed here suggest that training methods designed to improve linear sprint and CS velocities may benefit from the implementation of vertically and horizontally oriented plyometric exercises.This paper identified latent profiles depending on the patterns of daily time usage amongst working moms in Korea and tested their relations to family- and work-related characteristics. The consequent differences in the levels of leisure attributes were further investigated. Taking a holistic approach, latent profile analysis, one of the person-centered methods, was conducted using data drawn from the seventh year of the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families (KLoWF), with a sample of 1074 women. The results of this study indicate that three different subtypes of individuals emerged a low-level care group (82.1%), a medium-level care group (13.8%), and a high-level care group (4.1%). The factors determining the classification for the profiles were the existence of preschool children, household income, gender role attitudes, and domestic help. Work-related factors proved to have no significant effect on time-use patterns. Profile membership was related to leisure attributes as perceived by working moms the low-level care group reported the highest level of leisure time adequacy and leisure satisfaction, while the high-level care group presented the lowest level of sufficiency and satisfaction in their leisure time. Based on these findings, the article discusses the practical implications for enhancing the quality of life of working mothers.Orthopedic implants requiring osseointegration are often surface modified; however, implants may shed these coatings and generate wear debris leading to complications. Titanium nanotubes (TiNT), a new surface treatment, may promote osseointegration. In this study, in vitro (rat marrow-derived bone marrow cell attachment and morphology) and in vivo (rat model of intramedullary fixation) experiments characterized local and systemic responses of two TiNT surface morphologies, aligned and trabecular, via animal and remote organ weight, metal ion, hematologic, and nondecalcified histologic analyses. In vitro experiments showed total adherent cells on trabecular and aligned TiNT surfaces were greater than control at 30 min and 4 h, and cells were smaller in diameter and more eccentric. Control animals gained more weight, on average; however, no animals met the institutional trigger for weight loss. No hematologic parameters (complete blood count with differential) were significantly different for TiNT groups vs. control.