In recent years, casual physician attire (fleece jackets and softshell jackets) has become increasingly popular, but to our knowledge, public perceptions of these garments have not been studied. Furthermore, gender biases may result in differing expectations and perceptions of female and male physicians and may be associated with patient rapport and trust building.

To characterize public perceptions of casual physician attire and implicit gender biases in public assessment of physicians' professional attire.

This survey study used a population-based survey administered via Amazon Mechanical Turk from May to June 2020 among individuals aged 18 years or older who were US residents and for whom English was the primary language.

Survey featuring photographs of a male or female model wearing various types of physician attire (white coat, business attire, and scrubs).

Respondents' ratings of professionalism, experience, and friendliness of the male and female models in various attire and perceptions of the confusion and cumulative career disadvantages for women in medicine.
In this survey study, survey respondents rated physicians wearing casual attire as less professional and experienced than those wearing a white coat. Gender biases were found in impressions of professionalism, with female physicians' roles being more frequently misidentified. Understanding disparate public perceptions of physician apparel may inform interventions to address professional role confusion and cumulative career disadvantages for women in medicine.
The health effects of restrictive immigration and refugee policies targeting individuals from Muslim-majority countries are largely unknown.

To analyze whether President Trump's 2017 executive order 13769, "Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States" (known as the "Muslim ban" executive order) was associated with changes in health care utilization by people born in targeted nations living in the US.

This retrospective cohort study included adult patients treated at Minneapolis-St. Paul HealthPartners primary care clinics or emergency departments (EDs) between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2017. Patients were categorized as (1) born in Muslim ban-targeted nations, (2) born in Muslim-majority nations not listed in the executive order, or (3) non-Latinx and born in the US. Data were analyzed from October 1, 2019, to May 12, 2021.

Executive order 13769, "Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States."

Primary outcomes included the number of mary care appointments among people from Muslim-majority countries not named in the ban (point estimate [SE], 6.73 [2.90]; P = .02) and approximately 232 additional ED visits by individuals from Muslim ban-targeted nations (point estimate [SE], 3.41 [1.53]; P = .03).

Results of this cohort study suggest that after issuance of the Muslim ban executive order, missed primary care appointments and ED visits increased among people from Muslim-majority countries living in Minneapolis-St. Paul.
Results of this cohort study suggest that after issuance of the Muslim ban executive order, missed primary care appointments and ED visits increased among people from Muslim-majority countries living in Minneapolis-St. Paul.
Therapist-guided, internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy is an effective treatment option for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder, but to our knowledge, its cost-effectiveness compared with traditional in-person treatment has not been established.

To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of guided internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy implemented within a stepped-care model compared with in-person cognitive behavioral therapy for young people with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

This economic evaluation of a randomized noninferiority trial conducted at 2 specialist obsessive-compulsive disorder clinics in Sweden enrolled 152 children and adolescents aged 8 to 17 years with obsessive-compulsive disorder, mainly through clinician referrals (110 [72%]). Recruitment began October 6, 2017, and ended May 24, 2019. Follow-up ended April 14, 2020.

Participants were randomly assigned to receive either guided internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy or in-person cognitealth economic analyses showed that the stepped-care group used fewer therapist resources than the in-person cognitive behavioral therapy group, resulting in a mean cost savings of $2104 (95% CI, $1202-$3006) per participant for the full study period of 10 months, corresponding to a relative savings of 39%. The cost savings remained largely comparable when taking wider health care sector and societal perspectives.

This study suggests that, for young people with obsessive-compulsive disorder, a low-cost digital intervention followed by in-person treatment for nonresponders was cost-effective compared with in-person cognitive behavior therapy alone.
This study suggests that, for young people with obsessive-compulsive disorder, a low-cost digital intervention followed by in-person treatment for nonresponders was cost-effective compared with in-person cognitive behavior therapy alone.
Evaluation of acute gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding using invasive endoscopic procedures comprising the standard of care (SOC)-upper endoscopy and colonoscopy-can expose the endoscopy staff to SARS-CoV-2. Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) does not generate aerosols and only requires 1 person to manage the procedure.

To examine the safety of VCE for the initial evaluation of GI bleeding at the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic to identify signs of active bleeding while minimizing patient and personnel exposure, saving personal protective equipment, and avoiding invasive or unnecessary procedures.

A multicenter (UMass Memorial Medical Center and Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center) retrospective cohort study including 146 patients with COVID-19 who received VCE as the first-line diagnostic modality was conducted from March 15 to June 15, 2020, compared with SOC in January 2020 for evaluation of GI bleeding. The association between treatment and outcomes was estimated using multivariable regression adf invasive procedures and unnecessary exposure of personnel to SARS-CoV-2 and use of personal protective equipment.Lumen morphogenesis results from the interplay between molecular pathways and mechanical forces. In several organs, epithelial cells share their apical surfaces to form a tubular lumen. In the liver, however, hepatocytes share the apical surface only between adjacent cells and form narrow lumina that grow anisotropically, generating a 3D network of bile canaliculi (BC). Here, by studying lumenogenesis in differentiating mouse hepatoblasts in vitro, we discovered that adjacent hepatocytes assemble a pattern of specific extensions of the apical membrane traversing the lumen and ensuring its anisotropic expansion. These previously unrecognized structures form a pattern, reminiscent of the bulkheads of boats, also present in the developing and adult liver. Silencing of Rab35 resulted in loss of apical bulkheads and lumen anisotropy, leading to cyst formation. Strikingly, we could reengineer hepatocyte polarity in embryonic liver tissue, converting BC into epithelial tubes. Our results suggest that apical bulkheads are cell-intrinsic anisotropic mechanical elements that determine the elongation of BC during liver tissue morphogenesis.Crosslinking involves the formation of bonds between polymer chains, such as proteins. In biological tissues, these bonds tend to stiffen the tissue, making it more resistant to mechanical degradation and deformation. In ophthalmology, the crosslinking phenomenon is being increasingly harnessed and explored as a treatment strategy for treating corneal ectasias, keratitis, degenerative myopia, and glaucoma. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/chroman-1.html This review surveys the multitude of exogenous crosslinking strategies reported in the literature, both "light" (involving light energy) and "dark" (involving non-photic chemical processes), and explores their mechanisms, cytotoxicity, and stage of translational development. The spectrum of ophthalmic applications described in the literature is then discussed, with particular attention to proposed therapeutic mechanisms in the cornea and sclera. The mechanical effects of crosslinking are then discussed in the context of their proposed site and scale of action. Biomechanical characterization of the crosslinkration crosslinking procedures that optimize therapeutic effect while reducing complications.
Age- and sex-adjusted mortality rates for 2019-2020 influenza season were compared with those of influenza seasons 2009-2010 to 2016-2017.

No all-cause mortality excess was observed in the 2019-2020 influenza season, which, on the contrary, was characterized by the lowest all-cause mortality rate.

Because of the 24 months latency in the release of official data on causes of death, and in consideration of the limited testing capacity during the first pandemic wave, to estimate the COVID-19- related mortality in 2020, the evaluation of all-cause mortality excess is often used instead. Our study aimed at assessing whether in Central Tuscany, Italy, an excess all-cause mortality occurred in the 2019-2020 influenza season, which partly overlapped with the months of the first pandemic wave in which the impact of COVID-19 was the highest.

Our finding can be explained by the imposition, in early March 2020, of a national lockdown, which came into effect in an early epidemic phase in Tuscany, and thus limited the transmission of SARSCoV- 2 infection, as well as influenza, in the territory. In March and April, by causing the death of vulnerable elderly patients who had been spared by the mild seasonal flu in the prior months, COVID-19 acted with a harvesting effect.
Our finding can be explained by the imposition, in early March 2020, of a national lockdown, which came into effect in an early epidemic phase in Tuscany, and thus limited the transmission of SARSCoV- 2 infection, as well as influenza, in the territory. In March and April, by causing the death of vulnerable elderly patients who had been spared by the mild seasonal flu in the prior months, COVID-19 acted with a harvesting effect.
Background. Vaccination is one of the most effective tools available to Public Health. Its potential usefulness is threatened by the rise of vaccine hesitancy among the general population, which has grown as much as to prompt the World Health Organization to express its concerns on the matter. The risk posed by vaccine hesitancy is even more concerning in the light of the efforts to curb the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which focus mainly on mass vaccination campaigns. This holds especially true when applied to healthcare professionals, among whom vaccine hesitancy can be particularly detrimental. For these reasons, our study focuses on potential determinants of vaccine hesitancy among healthcare professionals. Study design. The study is a cross-sectional study. Methods. Data were collected from January 1st to February 16th, by means of a self-administered online questionnaire in a cohort of Italian healthcare professionals. Results. Overall, 10,898 questionnaires were collected. Among the respondents, 1.1% expressed vaccine hesitancy.