The neuroendocrine system consists of a heterogeneous collection of neuropeptidergic neurons in the brain, among which hypothalamic KNDy neurons represent an indispensable cell subtype controlling puberty onset. Although neural progenitors and neuronal precursors along the cell lineage hierarchy adopt a cascade diversification strategy to generate hypothalamic neuronal heterogeneity, the cellular logic operating within the lineage to specify a subtype of neuroendocrine neurons remains unclear. As human genetic studies have recently established a link between TBX3 mutations and delayed puberty onset, we systematically studied Tbx3-derived neuronal lineage and Tbx3-dependent neuronal specification and found that Tbx3 hierarchically established and maintained the identity of KNDy neurons for triggering puberty. Apart from the well-established lineage-dependent fate determination, we uncovered rules of interlineage interaction and intralineage retention operating through neuronal differentiation in the absence of Tbx3. Moreover, we revealed that human TBX3 mutations disturbed the phase separation of encoded proteins and impaired transcriptional regulation of key neuropeptides, providing a pathological mechanism underlying TBX3-associated puberty disorders.Using new and published marine fossil radiocarbon (14C/C) measurements, a tracer uniquely sensitive to circulation and air-sea gas exchange, we establish several benchmarks for Atlantic, Southern, and Pacific deep-sea circulation and ventilation since the last ice age. We find the most 14C-depleted water in glacial Pacific bottom depths, rather than the mid-depths as they are today, which is best explained by a slowdown in glacial deep-sea overturning in addition to a "flipped" glacial Pacific overturning configuration. These observations cannot be produced by changes in air-sea gas exchange alone, and they underscore the major role for changes in the overturning circulation for glacial deep-sea carbon storage in the vast Pacific abyss and the concomitant drawdown of atmospheric CO2.Cell fate determination of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs) is precisely regulated by lineage-specific transcription factors and epigenetic enzymes. We found that CTR9, a key scaffold subunit of polymerase-associated factor complex (PAFc), selectively regulates hMSC differentiation to osteoblasts and chondrocytes, but not to adipocytes. An in vivo ectopic osteogenesis assay confirmed the essentiality of CTR9 in hMSC-derived bone formation. CTR9 counteracts the activity of Enhancer Of Zeste 2 (EZH2), the epigenetic enzyme that deposits H3K27me3, in hMSCs. Accordingly, CTR9 knockdown (KD) hMSCs gain H3K27me3 mark, and the osteogenic differentiation defects of CTR9 KD hMSCs can be partially rescued by treatment with EZH2 inhibitors. Transcriptome analyses identified bone morphology protein-2 (BMP-2) as a downstream effector of CTR9. BMP-2 secretion, membrane anchorage, and the BMP-SMAD pathway were impaired in CTR9 KD MSCs, and the effects were rescued by BMP-2 supplementation. This study uncovers an epigenetic mechanism engaging the CTR9-H3K27me3-BMP-2 axis to regulate the osteochondral lineage differentiation of hMSCs.Pain relief by vibrotactile touch is a common human experience. Previous neurophysiological investigations of its underlying mechanism in animals focused on spinal circuits, while human studies suggested the involvement of supraspinal pathways. Here, we examine the role of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in touch-induced mechanical and heat analgesia. We found that, in mice, vibrotactile reafferent signals from self-generated whisking significantly reduce facial nociception, which is abolished by specifically blocking touch transmission from thalamus to the barrel cortex (S1B). Using a signal separation algorithm that can decompose calcium signals into sensory-evoked, whisking, or face-wiping responses, we found that the presence of whisking altered nociceptive signal processing in S1B neurons. Analysis of S1B population dynamics revealed that whisking pushes the transition of the neural state induced by noxious stimuli toward the outcome of non-nocifensive actions. Thus, S1B integrates facial tactile and noxious signals to enable touch-mediated analgesia.The terrestrial planets endured a phase of bombardment following their accretion, but the nature of this late accreted material is debated, preventing a full understanding of the origin of inner solar system volatiles. We report the discovery of nucleosynthetic chromium isotope variability (μ54Cr) in Martian meteorites that represent mantle-derived magmas intruded in the Martian crust. The μ54Cr variability, ranging from -33.1 ± 5.4 to +6.8 ± 1.5 parts per million, correlates with magma chemistry such that samples having assimilated crustal material define a positive μ54Cr endmember. This compositional endmember represents the primordial crust modified by impacting outer solar system bodies of carbonaceous composition. Late delivery of this volatile-rich material to Mars provided an exotic water inventory corresponding to a global water layer >300 meters deep, in addition to the primordial water reservoir from mantle outgassing. This carbonaceous material may also have delivered a source of biologically relevant molecules to early Mars.Chronic exposure to airborne carbon black ultrafine (nCB) particles generated from incomplete combustion of organic matter drives IL-17A-dependent emphysema. However, whether and how they alter the immune responses to lung cancer remains unknown. Here, we show that exposure to nCB particles increased PD-L1+ PD-L2+ CD206+ antigen-presenting cells (APCs), exhausted T cells, and Treg cells. Lung macrophages that harbored nCB particles showed selective mitochondrial structure damage and decreased oxidative respiration. Lung macrophages sustained the HIF1α axis that increased glycolysis and lactate production, culminating in an immunosuppressive microenvironment in multiple mouse models of non-small cell lung cancers. Adoptive transfer of lung APCs from nCB-exposed wild type to susceptible mice increased tumor incidence and caused early metastasis. Our findings show that nCB exposure metabolically rewires lung macrophages to promote immunosuppression and accelerates the development of lung cancer.Direct links between carbonaceous chondrites and their parent bodies in the solar system are rare. The Winchcombe meteorite is the most accurately recorded carbonaceous chondrite fall. Its pre-atmospheric orbit and cosmic-ray exposure age confirm that it arrived on Earth shortly after ejection from a primitive asteroid. Recovered only hours after falling, the composition of the Winchcombe meteorite is largely unmodified by the terrestrial environment. It contains abundant hydrated silicates formed during fluid-rock reactions, and carbon- and nitrogen-bearing organic matter including soluble protein amino acids. The near-pristine hydrogen isotopic composition of the Winchcombe meteorite is comparable to the terrestrial hydrosphere, providing further evidence that volatile-rich carbonaceous asteroids played an important role in the origin of Earth's water.Invasive electromyography opened a new window to explore motoneuron behavior in vivo. However, the technique is limited by the small fraction of active motoneurons that can be concurrently detected, precluding a population analysis in natural tasks. Here, we developed a high-density intramuscular electrode for in vivo human recordings along with a fully automatic methodology that could detect the discharges of action potentials of up to 67 concurrently active motoneurons with 99% accuracy. These data revealed that motoneurons of the same pool receive common synaptic input at frequencies up to 75 Hz and that late-recruited motoneurons inhibit the discharges of those recruited earlier. These results constitute an important step in the population coding analysis of the human motor system in vivo.Spectral imaging in the mid-infrared (MIR) range provides simultaneous morphological and chemical information of a wide variety of samples. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cddo-im.html However, current MIR technologies struggle to produce high-definition images over a broad spectral range at acquisition rates that are compatible with real-time processes. We present a novel spectral imaging technique based on nondegenerate two-photon absorption of temporally chirped optical MIR pulses. This approach avoids complex image processing or reconstruction and enables high-speed acquisition of spectral data cubes (xyω) at high-pixel density in under a second.The optical responses of metals are often dominated by plasmonic resonances, that is, the collective oscillations of interacting electron liquids. Here we unveil a new class of plasmons─quantum metric plasmons (QMPs)─that arise in a wide range of parity-violating magnetic metals. In these materials, a dipolar distribution of the quantum metric (a fundamental characteristic of Bloch wave functions) produces intrinsic nonreciprocal bulk plasmons. Strikingly, QMP nonreciprocity manifests even when the single-particle dispersion is symmetric QMPs are sensitive to time-reversal and parity violations hidden in the Bloch wave function. In materials with asymmetric single-particle dispersions, quantum metric dipole induced nonreciprocity can continue to dominate at large frequencies. We anticipate that QMPs can be realized in a wide range of parity-violating magnets, including twisted bilayer graphene heterostructures, where quantum geometric quantities can achieve large values.
Various methods have been used in the past 50 years to apply Quasi-static load to a seat in the rear direction and measure seat performance in rear impacts. This study compared five of the most-common test procedures to evaluate seats. In addition, occupant mass and center of gravity are discussed as important characteristics of rear loading of seats.

Data was collected and analyzed from five different seat pull tests, including FMVSS 207, modified FMVSS 207, QST, body block and FRED II. Test data included peak force, moment and angle at peak moment. Occupant loading height of was determined using body segment weights and position in the forward (x) and vertical (z) directions based on anthropometry data.

Some of the inherent differences in the tests are shown by comparing data with the same seat structure. The QST and FRED II use a lower height of loading than FMVSS 207. The QST and FRED II peak moment and force did not coincide with the same seatback angle as in FMVSS 207 and body block testing. Center of gravity height varies depending on whether the whole body or only the upper torso is considered. For the 50th male, it is 171.5 mm (6.8") with the whole body and 246.7 mm (9.7") with the upper torso.

Results from different tests cannot be readily compared because of different loading conditions, including body shape and height of load about the H-point, which can cause the seat structure to respond differently.
Results from different tests cannot be readily compared because of different loading conditions, including body shape and height of load about the H-point, which can cause the seat structure to respond differently.