The proportion of women without a husband/partner and with more than three children in disadvantaged neighborhoods was higher than better off areas. Multilevel linear regression showed that neighborhood disadvantage had an effect on female BMI that was independent of women's income and education, which was explained by body size dissatisfaction. The mean BMI for body size satisfaction among women in disadvantaged neighborhoods was 2 kg/m2 higher than in affluent areas, which suggests that a 'culture of plus-size women' would emerge in urban clusters of poverty. The findings signal that neighborhood effects on BMI would relate to the socioeconomic polarization of urban areas, with marked concentrations of poverty and wealth, and might be explained by the psychosocial pathways associated to social disadvantage that act in addition to the effects of material conditions to influence people's health.This study explores how patients affected by depersonalization/derealization disorder confront clinical uncertainty by investing in their own diagnosis and prognosis. While depersonalization/derealization has been a legitimate medical category within psychiatric nomenclature for decades, those affected by this condition have traditionally embarked on a diagnostic odyssey. As a rare disorder, clinicians have repeatedly misdiagnosed depersonalization/derealization as a byproduct of illnesses such as anxiety disorder, depression, or schizophrenia. Drawing from in-depth interviews, as well the analysis of videos and online posts, I explore the trajectory through which patients affected by depersonalization/derealization, dissatisfied with traditional diagnostic routes, have transformed the process of diagnostic revelation from a clinical prerogative to a lay accomplishment. This study indicates that a multifaceted process, consisting of a dialectical relation between the material reality of information democratization and a heightening cultural orientation towards engaged patienthood, may shorten diagnostic odysseys for people affected by atypical disorders and undermine physicians' authority to diagnose.Research has shown that the temporal focus of individuals can have a real effect on behavior. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study posits that temporal focus will affect adherence behavior regarding health control measures, such as social distancing, hand washing and mask wearing, which will be manifested through the degree of spread of COVID-19. It is suggested that social media can provide an indicator of the general temporal focus of the population at a particular time. In this study, we examine the temporal focus of Twitter text data and the number of COVID-19 cases in the US over a 317-day period from the inception of the pandemic, using text analytics to classify the temporal content of 0.76 million tweets. The data is then analyzed using dynamic regression via advanced ARIMA modelling, differencing the data, removing weekly seasonality and creating a stationary time series. The result of the dynamic regression finds that past orientation does indeed have an effect on the growth of COVID-19 cases in the US. However, a present focus tends to reduce the spread of COVID cases. Future focus had no effect in the model. Overall, the research suggests that detecting and managing temporal focus could be an important tool in managing public health during a pandemic.Much attention in health technology assessment (HTA), a health system governance mechanism used for determining the value of health technologies, is being paid to improving the quality and patient-relevance of the evidence used in assessment pratices. Whilst the direct involvement of patient actors throughout HTA processes has become a more routine element of institutional practice, the 'impacts' of patient engagement (PE) initiatives have proven difficult to determine and enhance. In reflexive governance theories, reflexive learning is a critical mechanism of multi-stakeholder arrangements that better handles the complexities of technologies and how they are understood through governance practices. This paper explores how reflexive learning can be used to build a richer conceptualisation of PE in HTA, in order to generate suggestions for enhancing PE practices and their impact. We critically apply reflexive learning insights on qualitative data derived from the co-creation process of a PE evaluation framewor' PE for HTA and medicines development, facilitating a HTA practice that more meaningfully deals with the complexities of medicines evidence generation.A quick look at a face allows us to identify the person, their gender, and emotion. Humans direct their first eye movement towards points on the face that vary moderately across these common tasks and maximize performance. However, not known is the extent to which humans alter their oculomotor strategies to maximize accuracy in more specialized face categorization tasks. We studied the eye movements of Indian observers during a North vs. South Indian face categorization task and compared them to those in a person-identification task. We found that observers did not alter their first eye movement strategy for the ethnic categorization task, i.e., they directed their first fixations to a similar preferred point as in the person-identification task. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gf109203x.html To assess whether using a similar preferred point of fixation for both tasks resulted in a performance cost for the categorization task, we measured performance as a function of fixation position along the face. Fixating away from the preferred point of fixation reduced observer performance in the person identification task, but not in the ethnicity categorization task. We used computational modeling to assess whether the results could be explained by an interaction between the distribution of task information across the face and the foveated properties of the visual system. A foveated ideal observer analysis revealed a spatially more distributed task information and lower dependence of performance on the point of fixation for the ethnicity categorization task relative to the person identification. We conclude that, unlike the person identification task, humans can access the information for the ethnicity categorization task from various points of fixation. Thus, the observer strategy to utilize the typical person identification first eye movement for the ethnicity categorization task is a simple solution that incurs little or no performance cost.