Hydraulic segmentation at the stem-leaf transition predicts higher hydraulic resistance in leaves than in stems. Vulnerability segmentation, however, predicts lower embolism resistance in leaves. Both mechanisms should theoretically favour runaway embolism in leaves to preserve expensive organs such as stems, and should be tested for any potential coordination. We investigated the theoretical leaf-specific conductivity based on an anatomical approach to quantify the degree of hydraulic segmentation across 21 tropical rainforest tree species. Xylem resistance to embolism in stems (flow-centrifugation technique) and leaves (optical visualisation method) was quantified to assess vulnerability segmentation. We found a pervasive hydraulic segmentation across species, but with a strong variability in the degree of segmentation. Despite a clear continuum in the degree of vulnerability segmentation, eight species showed a positive vulnerability segmentation (leaves less resistant to embolism than stems), while the remaining species studied exhibited a negative or no vulnerability segmentation. The degree of vulnerability segmentation was positively related to the degree of hydraulic segmentation, such that segmented species promote both mechanisms to hydraulically decouple leaf xylem from stem xylem. To what extent hydraulic and vulnerability segmentation determine drought resistance requires further integration of the leaf-stem transition at the whole-plant level, including both xylem and outer-xylem tissue.Adherence monitoring is a vital component of clinical efficacy trials, as the regularity of medication consumption affects both efficacy and adverse effect profiles. Pill-counts don't confirm consumption, and invasive plasma assessments can only assist post-hoc assessments. We previously reported on the pharmacokinetics of a potential adherence marker to non-invasively monitor dosage consumption during a trial without breaking a blind. We reported that consumption cessation of subtherapeutic 15 mg acetazolamide (ACZ) doses showed a predictable urinary excretion decay that was quantifiable for an extended period. The current study describes the clinical implementation of 15mg ACZ doses as an adherence marker excipient in distinct cohorts taking ACZ for different "adherence" durations. We confirm that ACZ output did not change (accumulate) during 18-20 days of adherence, and developed and assessed urinary cutoffs as nonadherence indicators. We demonstrate that while an absolute concetration cutoff (989 ng/mL) lacked sensitivity, a creatinine normalized equivalent (1376 ACZ ng / mg) was highly accurate at detecting nonadherence. We also demonstrate that during nonadherent phases of three trials, creatinine-normalized urinary ACZ elimination was reproducible within and across trials with low variablity. Excretion was 1st order, with a decay half-life averaging ~2.0 days. Further, excretion remained quantifiable for 14 days, providing a long period during which the date of last consumption might be determined. We conclude that inclusion of 15 mg ACZ as a dosage form adherence marker excipient, provides a reliable and sensitive mechanism to confirm medication consumption and detect nonadherence during clinical efficacy trials.Severe and enduring anorexia nervosa (SE-AN) is well known to clinicians who treat eating disorders, especially in adults, yet an empirically validated definition of SE-AN is lacking. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/740-y-p-pdgfr-740y-p.html Current approaches to delineating SE-AN rely on expert opinion, and there is little consensus regarding the criteria that distinguish SE-AN from other clinical presentations or the thresholds that define the boundaries of severity and enduringness. Empirical classification techniques and clinical staging frameworks that incorporate biomarkers offer intriguing alternatives to expert consensus in refining the definition of SE-AN. Empirical approaches, such as latent class analysis and taxometric analysis, have contributed to advances in eating disorders classification, including support for distinctions between eating disorder classes. Likewise, clinical staging models are being applied to other psychiatric disorders and offer a framework for incorporating biological indices of illness progression, such as neurocognitive changes, into a definition of SE-AN. Though some of these methods (e.g., biomarkers) are a long way from being realized, the need for an evidence-based approach to classifying SE-AN is clear. Without it, the challenges outlined by Wonderlich et al. (International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2020) will be difficult to resolve, and the burden of SE-AN on patients, their loved ones, and the healthcare system will continue.Oplopanax horridus, widely distributed in North America, is an herbal medicine traditionally used by Pacific indigenous peoples for various medical conditions. After oral ingestion, constituents in O. horridus extract (OhE) could be converted to their metabolites by the enteric microbiome before absorption. In this study, in order to mimic gut environment, the OhE was biotransformed using the enteric microbiome of healthy human subjects. For accurate and reliable data collection with optimized approaches in sample preparation and analytical conditions, ultra-performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry were used to characterize parent constituents and their metabolites. In the extract, 20 parent compounds were identified including polyynes, sesquiterpenes, monoterpeondids, phenylpropanoids and phenolic acids. After the biotransformation, a total of 78 metabolites were identified, of which 37 belonged to polyynes metabolites. The common biotransformation pathways are hydroxylation, acetylization, methylation and demethylation. Based on the pathway distributions, the metabolism signature of OhE has been explored. The metabolism pathways of OhE compounds are dependent on their structural classifications and hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties. In summary, with comprehensive analysis, we systematically investigated human microbiome-derived OhE metabolites. The enteric microbial metabolism signature provides novel information for future effective use of O. horridus.