Bats are unique in their potential to serve as reservoir hosts for intracellular pathogens. Recently, the impact of COVID-19 has relegated bats from biomedical darkness to the frontline of public health as bats are the natural reservoir of many viruses, including SARS-Cov-2. Many bat genomes have been sequenced recently, and sequences coding for antimicrobial peptides are available in the public databases. Here we provide a structural analysis of genome-predicted bat cathelicidins as components of their innate immunity. A total of 32 unique protein sequences were retrieved from the NCBI database. Interestingly, some bat species contained more than one cathelicidin. We examined the conserved cysteines within the cathelin-like domain and the peptide portion of each sequence and revealed phylogenetic relationships and structural dissimilarities. The antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity of peptides was examined using bioinformatic tools. The peptides were modeled and subjected to docking analysis with the region binding domain (RBD) region of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. The appearance of multiple forms of cathelicidins verifies the complex microbial challenges encountered by these species. Learning more about antiviral defenses of bats and how they drive virus evolution will help scientists to investigate the function of antimicrobial peptides in these species.Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease has been on the rise in recent years, especially in pediatric populations. This study aimed to provide precise identification and stratification of pediatric patients with diagnosed ulcerative colitis (UC) according to the severity of their condition and the prediction for standard treatment according to the specific expression of candidate miRNAs. We enrolled consecutive, therapeutically naïve, pediatric UC patients with confirmed pancolitis. We examined formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens of colonic tissue for the expression of 10 selected candidate miRNAs. We performed receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, using area under the curve and a logistic regression model to evaluate the diagnostic and predictive power of the miRNA panels. Sixty patients were included in the final analysis. As a control group, 18 children without macroscopic and microscopic signs of inflammatory bowel disease were examined. The combination of three candidate miRNAs (let-7i-5p, miR-223-3p and miR-4284) enabled accurate detection of pediatric UC patients and controls. A panel of four candidate miRNAs (miR-375-3p, miR-146a-5p, miR-223-3p and miR-200b-3p) was associated with severity of UC in pediatric patients and a combination of three miRNAs (miR-21-5p, miR-192-5p and miR-194-5p) was associated with early relapse of the disease. Nine patients out of the total were diagnosed with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) simultaneously with ulcerative colitis. A panel of 6 candidate miRNAs (miR-142-3p, miR-146a-5p, miR-223-3p, let-7i-5p, miR-192-5p and miR-194-5p) identified those patients with PSC. Specific combinations of miRNAs are promising tools for potential use in precise disease identification and severity and prognostic stratification in pediatric patients with ulcerative pancolitis.This paper aims to explore the impact of "mountain pasture product" information on the acceptability of local protected designation of origin (PDO) cheese produced from the raw milk of cows grazing in mountain pastures (P) or reared in valley floor stalls (S). A total of 156 consumers (55% males, mean age 41 years) were asked to evaluate their overall liking on a 9-point hedonic scale of four samples Cheeses P and S were presented twice with different information about the origin of the milk (cows grazing on mountain pasture or reared in a valley floor stall). Demographics, consumer habits, and opinions on mountain pasture practice (MPP), attitudes towards sustainability, and food-related behaviours (i.e., diet, food waste production, organic food, and zero food miles products purchase) were recorded and used to segment consumers. The cheeses were all considered more than acceptable, even though they were found to be significantly different in colour and texture by instrumental analyses. In the whole consumer panel, the cheese P was preferred, while in consumer segments less attentive to product characteristics, this effect was not significant. External information had a strong effect Overall liking was significantly higher in cheeses presented as "mountain pasture product", both in the whole panel and in consumer segments with different attitudes (except for those with a low opinion of MPP).Hazelnuts are characterized by a relatively high abundance of oleic acid and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, which give this fruit a high nutritional value. As a counterbalance, such a lipid profile is more susceptible to autoxidation and/or degradation reactions under enzymatic catalysis. Lipid oxidation occurs on fatty acids (FAs), both esterified on triacylglycerols and in free form (after lipolysis), but with favorable kinetics on the latter. In this study, the quali-quantitative changes in FA profiles (both free and esterified) were monitored during the shelf life (time 0, 6, and 12 months) as a function of different drying and storage conditions and different cultivars and geographical areas. A derivatization/extraction procedure was performed to quantify the profile of free and esterified fatty acids accurately. The overall profile of the free and esterified fatty acids concurred to create a biological signature characteristic of the cultivar and of the harvest region. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/dsp5336.html The free and esterified forms' characterization enabled the efficient monitoring of the effects of both the hydrolytic activity (increment in overall free fatty acids) and the oxidative process (decrease in unsaturated free fatty acids versus esterified fatty acids) over the 12 months of storage.Predicting response to ICI therapy among patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been uniquely challenging. We analyzed patient characteristics and clinical correlates from a retrospective single-site cohort of advanced RCC patients receiving anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy (N = 97), as well as molecular parameters in a subset of patients, including multiplexed immunofluorescence (mIF), whole exome sequencing (WES), T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing, and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Clinical factors such as the development of immune-related adverse events (odds ratio (OR) = 2.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05-5.91) and immunological prognostic parameters, including a higher percentage of circulating lymphocytes (23.4% vs. 17.4%, p = 0.0015) and a lower percentage of circulating neutrophils (61.8% vs. 68.5%, p = 0.0045), correlated with response. Previously identified gene expression signatures representing pathways of angiogenesis, myeloid inflammation, T effector presence, and clear cell signatures also correlated with response.

s in pathways including ECM-receptor interaction, glycosaminoglycan degradation, and mucin type O-Glycan biosynthesis. The expression patterns of the selected lncRNAs were verified with qPCR. Conclusions High-throughput RNA-seq revealed previously undescribed lncRNA expression profiling in guinea pig FDM and LIM models. These results may shed light on the molecular pathogenesis of myopia and provide clues for interventional targets for this highly prevalent visual disorder. Copyright © 2020 Molecular Vision.Purpose The bioluminescence reporter PER2Luciferase (PER2Luc) provides a powerful tool to study the regulation of biological clocks in explant tissues, including the retinal clock. However, the establishment of a standardized procedure to replicate experimental conditions and to enable meaningful comparisons between findings from different studies is still lacking. In addition, different parameters may affect the retinal circadian bioluminescence signal and its dynamic in in vitro assays. In the present study, we first evaluated the effect of sex and age on the main parameters of the mouse retinal clock. We then examined the impact of medium change on PER2Luc rhythm and compared two light stimulation protocols of the retinal clock. Methods In a first set of experiments, retinal explants from both male and female Per2Luc mice of different ages (1 to 8 months) are cultured and the period, phase, amplitude, and rhythmic power of PER2Luc oscillations are analyzed. In a second set of experiments, we quantified then with day 0, whereas a medium change done after 6, 8, 9, or 10 days in culture advances the phase and lengthens the period. Finally, we observe that the physical displacement of the culture dishes containing retinal explants, even in complete darkness, induces a strong phase shift of PER2Luc oscillations. Conclusions Our work shows that the retina cultures are particularly sensitive to some aspects of the culture procedure, and it provides an accurate standard protocol to avoid biases due to artifactually induced phase shifts resulting from the medium change or physical displacement. Copyright © 2020 Molecular Vision.Investigators from Children's Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado conducted a retrospective review of electronic medical records to identify all Rasmussen Encephalitis (RE) cases that had undergone surgery with subsequent pathologic evaluation at Children's Hospital Colorado during 2005-2019 to determine the frequency of double pathology. Copyright © 2020 The Author(s).Objective The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence and pattern of maxillary canine impaction (MCI) in the population of Saudi Arabia according to the Yamamoto classification. Materials and methods A total of 5000 orthopantomogram (OPG) images of 2500 males and 2500 females in the age group of 14-40 years who attended the orthodontic clinic in Najran city from a period between January 2016 to February 2019 were evaluated for the presence of maxillary canine impaction. The anatomical position of each maxillary canine impaction was matched to the seven subtypes mentioned in the Yamamoto's classification. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/m4076.html Results The prevalence of MCI was found to be 3.46% in Najran(Saudi Arabia) population. Type I (46%) accounted for the highest prevalence followed by Type II (37%) and Type VI (8%). Type III, V and VII was found to be 3% equally and no case was of Type IV was found in the studied population. MCI was more common in females and left side compared to males and right side respectively. Conclusion The prevalence of maxillary canine impaction was found to be 3.46% in Najran. Type I pattern of maxillary canine impaction was commonest followed by Type II, VI, III, V and VII. © 2019 The Author.Purpose Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) have considerable potential for use as a means of achieving periodontal regeneration due to their noteworthy proliferative properties and secretory functions. In particular, PDLSCs secrete vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which enhances angiogenesis and osteogenesis. The resulting repair and development of blood vessels and hard tissues which would occur in the presence of these cells could be central to an effective periodontal regeneration procedure.The bacterial biofilm of tooth surface related to the periodontium might provide either an inhibition or a stimulus to different factors involved in a regenerative process. Cell culture experiments have been investigated in vitro by adding lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to the culture medium but the effect of various concentration of LPS in these circumstances has not been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of LPS concentrations on proliferation of PDLSCs in vitro and on their sation and VEGF secretion of PDLSCs, suggesting that periodontal pathogens might reduce the capability of PDLSCs in periodontal regeneration. Yet, LPS treated PDLSCs remained viable and VEGF secretion increased significantly over time. Further research is needed to study the potential use of PDLSCs in periodontal regeneration and the relationship of biofilm LPS accumulations. © 2019 The Authors.Background & objectives Previous studies have found that first premolar extractions during orthodontic treatment may alter the upper airway dimensions. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of second premolar extraction during orthodontic treatment on the dimensions of the upper airway in a sample of female adults. Methods Twenty-nine female adult patients with ages between 18 and 30 years old and incisor bimaxillary protrusion were included in this study. They were treated with comprehensive orthodontic treatment which included the extraction of four second premolars. Pre and post cephalometric radiographs were analyzed using Dolphin imaging software for changes in tongue length and height, soft palate thickness and length, the superior, middle, and inferior airway space, and vertical airway length. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize measurements. Student's paired t-test was preformed to compare the pre- and post-test mean values of the dimensions. Results A significant increase in the vertical airway length was observed after the extraction of the second premolars (p = 0.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of wilting and microbial inoculant treatment on the fermentation pattern and quality of Italian ryegrass silage.

Italian ryegrass was harvested at heading stage and ensiled into vinyl bags (20 cm×30 cm) for 60d. Italian ryegrass was ensiled with 4 treatments (NWNA, no-wilting noadditive; NWA, no-wilting with additive; WNA, wilting no-additive; WA, wilting with additive) in 3 replications, wilting time was 5 hours and additives were treated with 106 cfu/g of Lactobacillus plantarum. The silages samples were collected at 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 days after ensiling and analyzed for the ensiling quality and characteristics of fermentation patterns.

Wilting treatment resulted in lower crude protein and in vitro dry matter digestibility and there were no significant differences in acid detergent fiber (ADF), total digestible nutrient (TDN), water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC), ammonia content, and pH (p>0.05). However, wilting treatment resulted irove the silage fermentation, but the inoculant treatment improved the fermentation patterns and quality of the silage. So, inoculation before ensiling is recommended when preparing high quality of Italian ryegrass silage, and when wilting, it is recommended to combine inoculation for making high quality silage.
Fibronectin 3 (FN3) and Ig-like modules (Ig) are usually collocated beside modular cellulase catalytic domains. However, very few researchers have investigated the role of these modules. In a previous study, we have sequenced and analyzed bacterial metagenomic DNA in Vietnamese goats' rumen and found that cellulase-producing bacteria and cellulase families were dominant [1]. In this study, the properties of modular cellulases and the role of a FN3 in unique endoglucanase FN3-GH5 were determined.

Based on Pfam analysis, the cellulases sequences containing FN3, Ig modules were extracted from 297 complete ORFs. The alkaline, thermostability, tertiary structure of deduced enzymes were predicted by AcalPred, TBI softwares, Phyre2 and Swiss models. Then, whole and truncated forms of XFN3GH5 were expressed in E. coli and purified by His-tag affinity column for assessment of FN3 abilities to enhance enzyme activity, solubility and conformation.

From 297 complete ORFs coding for cellulases, 148 sequences containon these findings, the presence of FN3 module in certain cellulase was confirmed and it assisted for enzyme conformation and activity in both soluble and insoluble substrate.
An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of dragon fruit peel pellet (DFPP) as a rumen enhancer of dry matter consumption, nutrient digestibilities, ruminal ecology, microbial protein synthesis and rumimal methane production in Holstein crossbred bulls.

Four animals, with an average live-weight of 200±20 kg were randomly assigned in a 4×4 Latin square design to investigate the influence of DFPP supplementation. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/AS703026.html There were four different dietary treatments without DFPP, and with 200, 300, and 400 g/h/d, respectively.

Results revealed that dry matter consumption of total intake, rice straw and concentrate were not significantly different among treatments (p>0.05). It was also found that ruminal pH was not different among treatments (p>0.05), whilst protozoal group was reduced when DFPP increased (p<0.01). Blood urea nitrogen and NH3-N concentrations were increased at 400 g of DFPP supplementation (p<0.01). Additionally, volatile fatty acid production of propionate was significantly enhntation end-products especially propionate (C3) and microbial protein synthesis. Therefore, DFPP is a promising rumen enhancer and indicated a significant potential of DFPP as feedstuff for ruminant feed to mitigate rumen methane production.
An experiment was conducted to investigate the continuous and intermittent lighting program effects on terms of the productive performance, carcass traits, blood biochemical parameters, innate immune and oxidative status in broiler chicks.

A total of 600 Cobb-500 one day old chicks were randomly allocated into six equal groups (100 chicks per treated group with five replicates of 20 chicks each) based on lighting program; 22 continuous lighting (22 C), 11 h lighting + 1 darkness twice daily (11 L /1 D), 20 h continuous lighting (20 C), 5 h lighting + 1 darkness four times daily (5 L/1 D), 18 h continuous lighting (18 C) and the final group subjected for 3 h lighting + 1 h darkness six times daily (3 L/1 D). The experimental period lasted 42 days.

Compared with those under the intermittent light program, broiler chicks exposed to continuous lighting for 22 h had significant improvement in live body weight and carcass (dressing and breast percentage) measured traits. Though reducing lighting hours significantly reduced feed intake and feed conversion ratio values. Different lighting programs revealed no significant effect on all blood biochemical parameters. Oxidative stress and innate immunity parameters significantly enhance by reducing lighting hours (3L/1D).

The findings suggest that reducing lighting hours up to 3L/1D would be more useful in enhancing feed efficiency, innate immunity, and oxidative status compared with continuous lighting programs on broilers.
The findings suggest that reducing lighting hours up to 3L/1D would be more useful in enhancing feed efficiency, innate immunity, and oxidative status compared with continuous lighting programs on broilers.
To generate single stranded DNA oligonucleotides with selective affinity to bovine spermatozoa, assess its binding potential and explore its potential utility in trapping spermatozoa from suspensions.

A combinatorial library of 94 mer long oligonucleotide was used for Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment [SELEX] with bovine spermatozoa. The amplicons from sixth and seventh rounds of SELEX were sequenced, and the reads were clustered employing Cluster Database at High Identity with Tolerance [CD-HIT] and FASTAptamer. The enriched nucleotides were predicted for secondary structures by Mfold, motifs by Multiple Em for Motif Elicitation (MEME) and 5' labelled with biotin/ 6-FAM to determine the binding potential and binding pattern.

We generated 14.1 and 17.7 million reads from sixth and seventh rounds of SELEX respectively to bovine spermatozoa. The CD-HIT clustered 78098 and 21196 reads in the top ten clusters and FASTAptamer identified 2195 and 4405 unique sequences in the top three clusters from the sixth and seventh rounds, respectively.

Driving License Category A1

Driving License Category A1 allows you to drive motorized two-wheeled vehicles. In particular, it permits you to drive mopeds or small motorcycles with engines that have no more than 11 kW.

The process to get this type of license is slightly different from other categories. Let's take a look at the steps.

Prerequisites

A driving licence category is only accessible to those who are 16 years old. This license allows you to drive light motorcycles while categories A2 and A are reserved for larger motor vehicles. You must also pass an initial-aid course and theoretical training that is based on the complete curriculum. It is offered by a variety of driving schools. https://barefootellison.livejournal.com/profile may vary but they all follow the same curriculum.

The practical portion of the training consists of several driving lessons. The lessons last between 3 and 4 hours. The instructors will teach you the fundamentals of your bike and the fundamental rules of the road. The number of hours of training depends on your learning progress and ability, but the program stipulates a minimum of five hours of training on federal roads and four hours of riding on country roads. You'll also have to take special riding lessons that are designed to help you improve the skills you have in difficult situations.

https://solis-boyette.blogbright.net/guide-to-motorcycle-driving-license-in-2024-guide-to-motorcycle-driving-license-in-2024 who wishes to drive a vehicle in the category C must have a driving licence that is category B or higher. A person who has an A1 category licence is able to continue to learn for category A1 by using an easy-to-follow curriculum. However, they must complete at least ten theory lessons and ten driving lessons at the driving school. This is not possible for anyone who has a category A licence, which is the reason the instruction for this category begins at an earlier age.

Driving License Category A1 can be an excellent option for teens or adults who already driving but would like to try something different. The restrictions on this type of license are designed to ensure the safety of everyone. However, they can be removed if you demonstrate that you are able to safely operate larger vehicles.

You must have a valid medical certificate in addition to your driver's license. Based on your medical condition you may be required to take an eye examination or other tests. You can upgrade your license by adding an endorsement. This usually requires passing a second knowledge test, or sometimes a test for skills.

Training

To get a Driving License Category A1, you must pass both the theory and the practical test. Additionally you must take part in theoretical classes and receive training. The course will teach the fundamentals of motorcycling including traffic laws and regulations. You will be able to use this knowledge in future driving. In the course, you will learn about the common exam materials, and the specific additive that includes requirements for each licence category.

Once you have successfully completed the theory and practice tests, you are now able to drive a vehicle that has an engine capacity of up to 125cc. This includes tricycles, motorcycles and mopeds with three or four wheels. The vehicle cannot weigh more than 400kg when unloaded or be able to carry loads of up to 750kg. Furthermore you must be at least 16 years old to obtain a licence in this class.

You can upgrade your Category A1 driver's licence to full category A by age 20 if you have held the subcategory A2 license for two years. This permits you to drive vehicles of an maximum authorised weight (MAM) of up to 750kg as well with subcategory A as well as A1 motorbikes. To tow trailers with a maximum authorized mass (MAM) higher than 750kg, you need to have a Category E license.

It is crucial to note that if you're a minor, you'll require the written permission of your guardian in order to be eligible for a Driving License Category A1. In Belgium the full category-A licence is required to operate a three-wheeled motorcycle or moped. You can ride a full category A1 motorbike if you have an A1 full category or a full A2 licence. In some countries, you may be able to gain easier access to higher licence categories by first riding less powerful motorcycles. In Germany for instance after two years of experience with Category A1 motorbikes, you only need to pass the practical exam, not the theory test, in order to upgrade to category A2. In Austria, it is also possible to get an A license after five years (with the total of 9x1.5 hour training).

Theory test

The Driving License Category A1 test is a two part test that includes both an instructional and practical component. The test is designed to help you gain a basic understanding and knowledge of the highway code. Both of these tests must be passed before you can get your license. You can take the test either before or after completing compulsory basic training (CBT).

The test for theory comprises 50 multiple-choice questions that you must correctly answer. It is recommended to study thoroughly before taking it and to attend a theory course at a reputable driving academy or at a motorcycle training centre. You can also practice answering questions online.

After you have passed the theory test, you can arrange a test in the practical. You must bring your valid driver's license as well as proof of identification to the test centre, along with the vehicle you will be using for the test. You must wear a helmet and all the safety equipment you require.

You will get your driving license within two weeks after you completed the practical portion of the test. You will have to show your driving licence whenever you are asked. It will have an gold band over the expiration date. You cannot drive any other vehicle on your licence and you'll have to renew it every two years.

If you've been riding a motorcycle, you may be exempt from the theory or practical test based on the age of your. Visit the official website of Traffic Commissioner to find out more about the requirements. The website also contains information about the different categories of driving licences, as well as other relevant laws. The website is accessible in both Dutch and English.

Practical test

The test for the practical portion of the Driving License Category A1 exam is split into two parts. The first part involves the examiner examining your motorcycle and preparing you to drive. Then, you will do several practical tasks on a test course. You will be required to do an angle start, which is taking off from behind a vehicle that is parked. You will also be asked to make several hill starts, and turn left and right in the road. In addition, the examiner will ask you to drive a specific route and follow the road ahead unless instructed otherwise by radio.



The test consists of 50 multiple-choice questions, and you must be able to pass these tests to earn your license. You can take the test at a training centre or independently. You can prepare for the test by taking a theory course at a driving school or ongoing training centre. Drivers Cam allows you to track your progress and choose the best training for you.

You must have completed at least five hours of training on Federal or country roads, four training hours on highways and 3 hours of training in darkness or dawn before you can take the actual test. These training hours are in addition to the regular practice times you'll need to complete during your motorcycle training.

After having passed both the theory and practical test, you'll receive the License A1. License A1. This license permits the driver to drive a motorcycle that has an engine capacity of 125cc, and a weight/power ratio of no more than 11.5 kW per kilogram. This licence allows you to operate trikes with engines up to 125cc, and the power/weight ratio is not more than 11 kW per kilogram.

Before you can get your license, you will also need to pass a medical exam. You must also provide proof of a first aid course and pass an eye test. If you are younger than 18 years old, you must have the approval of your parent or legal guardian before you can apply for a driver's license.

Our study showed that the CD41 (integrin α2b) was distinctly decreased in ONFH-exos, compared to NOR-exos, and downregulation of CD41 could impair osteogenic differentiation and migration of the MSCs, where CD41-integrin β3-FAK-Akt-Runx2 pathway was involved. Finally, our study further suggested that CD41-affluent NOR-exos could restore the glucocorticoid-induced decline of osteogenic differentiation and migration in MSCs, and prevent GC-induced ONFH-like damage in rat models. Taken together, our study results revealed that in the progress of ONFH, exosomes from the pathological bone brought about the failure of MSCs repairing the necrotic bone for lack of some critical proteins, like integrin CD41, and prompted the progression of experimentally induced ONFH-like status in the rat. CD41 could be considered as the target of early diagnosis and therapy in ONFH.AIMS Vitamin E (Vit-E) may preferentially improve cardiovascular risk in haptoglobin 2-2 (Hp2-2) genotype diabetes individuals. We studied the impact of Vit-E supplementation on vascular function in diabetes individuals stratified by haptoglobin genotype in Singapore. METHODS In this 24-week, double blind, placebo-controlled RCT, we recruited 187 subjects (101 Hp2-2, 86 non-Hp2-2). INTERVENTION alpha-tocopherol-400 IU. PRIMARY OUTCOME Change in EndoPAT-derived reactive-hyperaemia index (RHI) and augmentation index (AIx); Secondary Outcomes Pulse-Wave velocity (Sphygmocor-PWV), carotid intima media thickness (CIMT), inflammation (hsCRP), derivatives of reactive-oxygen metabolites (dROMs), biological antioxidant-potential (BAPs), HbA1c, LDL-C, HDL-C and oxidised LDL-C (ox-LDL). RESULTS Overall, with Vit-E supplementation no significant change in RHI, PWV, CIMT, hsCRP, dROMS, BAPs, HDL-C and HbA1c was observed (p > 0.05); an increase in LDL-C with concomitant decrease in ox-LDL, and incidentally increase in eGFR was observed (p  119 mg/dl was observed. Future studies should consider personalisation based on baseline Hp concentrations in patients with T2DM rather than just Hp2-2 genotype to evaluate impact on the detailed lipid pathways, cardiac and renal physiology. The impact of ethnic differences needs to be explored in greater details.Visible-light and infrared-light persistent phosphors are extensively studied and are being used as self-sustained glowing tags in darkness. In contrast, persistent phosphors for higher-energy, solar-blind ultraviolet-C wavelengths (200-280 nm) are lacking. Also, persistent tags working in bright environments are not available. Here we report five types of Pr3+-doped silicates (melilite, cyclosilicate, silicate garnet, oxyorthosilicate, and orthosilicate) ultraviolet-C persistent phosphors that can act as self-sustained glowing tags in bright environments. These ultraviolet-C persistent phosphors can be effectively charged by a standard 254 nm lamp and emit intense, long-lasting afterglow at 265-270 nm, which can be clearly monitored and imaged by a corona camera in daylight and room light. Besides thermal-stimulation, in bright environments, photo-stimulation also contributes to the afterglow emission and its contribution can be dominant when ambient light is strong. This study expands persistent luminescence research to the ultraviolet-C wavelengths and brings persistent luminescence applications to light.Leukemic stem cells (LSCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are both dependent on the hypoxic bone marrow (BM) microenvironment (also known as the BM niche). There is always fierce competition between the two types of cells, and the former exhibits a greater competitive advantage than the latter via multiple mechanisms. Under hypoxia, the dynamic balance between the generation and clearing of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) is conducive to maintaining a quiescent state of cells. Quiescent LSCs can reside well in the BM niche, avoiding attack by chemotherapeutic agents, which is the cause of chemotherapeutic resistance and relapse in leukemia. HSCs acquire energy mainly through anaerobic glycolysis, whereas LSCs achieve energy metabolism largely through mitochondrial oxidative respiration. Mitochondria are the primary site of ROS generation. Thus, in theory, mitochondria-mediated respiration will cause an increase in ROS generation in LSCs and a higher intracellular oxidative stress level. The sensitivity of the cells to pro-oxidant drugs increases as well, which allows for the selective clearing of LSCs by pro-oxidative therapy. However, HSCs are also highly sensitive to changes in ROS levels, and the toxic effects of pro-oxidant drugs on HSCs poses a major challenge to pro-oxidative therapy in leukemia. Given the above facts, we reviewed studies on the oxidative resistance of LSCs and the oxidative damage to HSCs under pro-oxidative therapy. An in-depth investigation into the oxidative stress status and regulatory mechanisms of LSCs and HSCs in hypoxic environments will promote our understanding of the survival strategy employed by LSCs and the mechanism of the oxidative damage to HSCs in the BM niche, thus facilitating individualized treatment of leukemia patients and helping eliminate LSCs without disturbing normal hematopoietic cells.Hypoxia limits the survival and function of neurons in the development of Alzheimer's diseases. Exosome-dependent intercellular communication is an emerging signaling mechanism involved in tissue repair and regeneration; however, the effect and underlying mechanism of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in regulating neuronal cell apoptosis have not been determined. Here, we showed that the establishment of an AD cell model was accompanied by increased HIF-1α expression and cell apoptosis, impaired cell migration, and decreased miR-223. MSC-derived exosomes were internalized by the AD cell coculture model in a time-dependent manner, resulting in reduced cell apoptosis, enhanced cell migration and increased miR-223, and these effects were reversed by KC7F2, a hypoxic inhibitor. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sodium-l-lactate.html Furthermore, MSC-derived exosomal miR-223 inhibited the apoptosis of neurons in vitro by targeting PTEN, thus activating the PI3K/Akt pathway. In addition, exosomes isolated from the serum of AD patients promoted cell apoptosis. In short, our study showed that MSC-derived exosomal miR-223 protected neuronal cells from apoptosis through the PTEN-PI3K/Akt pathway and provided a potential therapeutic approach for AD.