rough research track record it would be mindful to assess each on a case by case basis. Institution (metropolitan versus regional) and research interest appears to influence publication number, h-index and citation scores.
Data from this study provides academics with benchmarks for the research track record required at each level of appointment. When drawing conclusions on academic progression, promotion and tenure through research track record it would be mindful to assess each on a case by case basis. Institution (metropolitan versus regional) and research interest appears to influence publication number, h-index and citation scores.
Commercial surrogacy is a highly controversial issue that leads to heated debates in the feminist literature, especially when surrogacy takes place in developing countries and when it is performed by local women for wealthy international individuals. The objective of this article is to confront common assumptions with the narratives and experiences described by Indian surrogates themselves.

This qualitative study included 33 surrogates interviewed in India (Mumbai, Chennai and New Delhi) who were at different stages of the surrogacy process. They were recruited through five clinics and agencies. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cloperastine-fendizoate.html This 2-year field study was conducted before the 2018 surrogacy law.

Surrogates met the criteria fixed by the national guidelines in terms of age and marital and family situation. The commitment to surrogacy had generally been decided with the husband. Its aim was above all to improve the socioeconomic condition of the family. Women described surrogacy as offering better conditions than their previous paid activ surrogacy still challenges gender norms, particularly in other developing countries where the practice is emerging.
Knowledge of geospatial pattern in comorbidities prevalence is critical to an understanding of the local health needs among people with osteoarthritis (OA). It provides valuable information for targeting optimal OA treatment and management at the local level. However, there is, at present, limited evidence about the geospatial pattern of comorbidity prevalence in Alberta, Canada.

Five administrative health datasets were linked to identify OA cases and comorbidities using validated case definitions. We explored the geospatial pattern in comorbidity prevalence at two standard geographic areas levels defined by the Alberta Health Services descriptive analysis at rural-urban continuum level; spatial analysis (global Moran's I, hot spot analysis, cluster and outlier analysis) at the local geographic area (LGA) level. We compared area-level indicators in comorbidities hotspots to those in the rest of Alberta (non-hotspots).

Among 359,638 OA cases in 2013, approximately 60% of people resided in Metro and Urban OA health disparities.
The findings highlight notable rural-urban disparities in comorbidities prevalence among people with OA in Alberta, Canada. Our study provides valuable evidence for policy and decision makers to design programs that ensure patients with OA receive optimal health management tailored to their local needs and a reduction in current OA health disparities.
The perinatal period is a time of immense change, which can be a period of stress and vulnerability for mental health difficulties. Mindfulness-based interventions have shown promise for reducing distress, but further research is needed to identify long-term effects and moderators of mindfulness training in the perinatal period.

The current study used data from a pilot randomized control trial (RCT) comparing a condensed mindfulness-based childbirth preparation program-the Mind in Labor (MIL)-to treatment as usual (TAU) to examine whether prenatal mindfulness training results in lower distress across the perinatal period, and whether the degree of benefit depends on child-bearers' initial levels of risk (i.e., depression and anxiety symptoms) and protective (i.e., mindfulness) characteristics. Child-bearers (N = 30) in their third trimester were randomized to MIL or TAU and completed assessments of distress-perceived stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms-at pre-intervention, post-intervention, six-weeks post-birth, and one-year postpartum.

Multilevel modeling of distress trajectories revealed greater decreases from pre-intervention to 12-months postpartum for those in MIL compared to TAU, especially among child-bearers who were higher in anxiety and/or lower in dispositional mindfulness at baseline.

The current study offers preliminary evidence for durable perinatal mental health benefits following a brief mindfulness-based program and suggests further investigation of these effects in larger samples is warranted.

The ClinicalTrials.gov identifier for the study is NCT02327559 . The study was retrospectively registered on June 23, 2014.
The ClinicalTrials.gov identifier for the study is NCT02327559 . The study was retrospectively registered on June 23, 2014.
While anthocyanins are proven to be effective in inhibiting tumour cell proliferation, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This research aims to explore the glycosylation of anthocyanins in the tumour inhibitory effects and the potential mechanism.

The tumour inhibitory effect on mouse colon cancer cells (MC38) was examined by MTT and flow cytometric analyses. The inhibitory pathway of anthocyanin was explored by assessment of tumour cell mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), the caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity, as well as the cell energy metabolism in terms of the glucose uptake, the NAD
/NADH ratio and the ATP level.

We found that 500 μM bilberry anthocyanins extract (BAE) induced 48.1% mitochondrial damage, activated the downstream caspase cascade to form apoptotic bodies (caspase-3 activity increased by 169%, caspase-9 activity increased by 186%), and inhibited cell proliferation (survival rate 55.97%, 24 h). In contrast, the same concentration of anthocyanidin (cyanidin) led to marginal mitochondrial damage (only 9.85%) and resulted in little inhibition of MC38 cells (survival rate 86.84%, 24 h). For cells incubated with 500 μM BAE, reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreased by 53.8%, but the ratio of NAD
/NADH increased to 3.67, demonstrating that the mitochondrial damage was induced by blocking energy metabolism. Furthermore, cell energy metabolism is related to glucose uptake since the presence of 200 μM GLUT1 inhibitor substantially enhanced the inhibitory effects of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy-3-Glu) at 500 μM (survival rate 51.08%, 24 h).

The study suggested that the glycosides of anthocyanins might handicap glucose transport and inhibit energy metabolism, which, in turn, led to mitochondrial damage and apoptosis of tumour cells.
The study suggested that the glycosides of anthocyanins might handicap glucose transport and inhibit energy metabolism, which, in turn, led to mitochondrial damage and apoptosis of tumour cells.

Glucocorticoids and the GR serve as an essential molecular mediator of stress and different physiologic processes. This review summarizes main findings from studies on the role of the GC/GR signaling in the modulation of genes for nutrient processing by the different organs involved in metabolic diseases.

Descriptive review of relevant papers known to the author was conducted.

Several high-throughput screenings in the past 15 years have identified potential GR DNA-binding regions in different cell types with genes that are annotated to be important for the control of metabolism. Transcriptional regulation of these GC-responsive genes provides links between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and systemic energy homeostasis in both physiological and pathophysiological states. Future studies must reconsider the use of agonist, the utilization of animal models of stress and metabolic disorders, and validation in humans.

This review recapitulates the significant role of the GC/GR signaling in molecular metabolic control and metabolic disorders. Potential future research focus and optimizations have also been identified.
This review recapitulates the significant role of the GC/GR signaling in molecular metabolic control and metabolic disorders. Potential future research focus and optimizations have also been identified.Conjugated linoleic and linolenic acids (CLA and CLnA) can be found in dairy, ruminant meat and oilseeds, these types of unsaturated fatty acids consist of various positional and geometrical isomers, and have demonstrated health-promoting potential for human beings. Extensive reviews have reported the physiological effects of CLA, CLnA, while little is known regarding their isomer-specific effects. However, the isomers are difficult to identify, owing to (i) the similar retention time in common chromatographic methods; and (ii) the isomers are highly sensitive to high temperature, pH changes, and oxidation. The uncertainties in molecular structure have hindered investigations on the physiological effects of CLA and CLnA. Therefore, this review presents a summary of the currently available technologies for the structural determination of CLA and CLnA, including the presence confirmation, double bond position determination, and the potential stereo-isomer determination. Special focus has been projected to the novel techniques for structure determination of CLA and CLnA. Some possible future directions are also proposed.This study used the most recent national data on epilepsy from the 2017 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) to examine the distribution of types of provider visits in the last 12 months among 2.9 million adult respondents aged ≥18 years with active epilepsy (self-reported doctor-diagnosed epilepsy taking antiseizure medications and/or having ≥1 seizure in the past year) and compared these estimates with 2010 NHIS data. We calculated age-standardized percentages of visits to a general doctor and an epilepsy specialist during the past 12 months, accounting for the complex survey design. Among US adults with active epilepsy in 2017, 27.1% saw a general doctor only, 9.0% saw a neurologist/epilepsy specialist only, 53.0% visited both a general doctor and a neurologist/epilepsy specialist, and 11.4% did not see either a general doctor or a neurologist/specialist. Overall, 62.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 55.2%-67.5%] of adults with active epilepsy visited a neurologist or epilepsy specialist in the past year. A visit in the past 12 months with both provider types was not significantly different in 2017 compared with 2010 (53.0% vs 46.2%) while seeing a general doctor only had declined (41.8% vs 27.1%, p  less then  0.05). Given that 79.8% of US adults with active epilepsy reported being seen by a general doctor within the past 12 months, epilepsy stakeholders have an opportunity to enhance epilepsy care by ensuring that general practitioners have access to the latest information about epilepsy diagnosis and new treatment options. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/abraxane-nab-paclitaxel.html National Health Interview Survey data can be used to track the distribution of provider visits in the coming decade to assess changes in access to primary care, specialty care, or other types of healthcare for people with epilepsy.N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R)/nitric oxide (NO) pathway is involved in the intensification of the analgesic effect of opioids and the reduction of the intensity of opioids tolerance and dependence. In the current study, we investigated the involvement of NMDA-R/NO pathway in chronic morphine-treated mice in both the development of tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine and in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure threshold. Chronic treatment with morphine (30 mg/kg) exhibited increased seizure resistance in morphine-induced tolerant mice. The development of morphine tolerance was withdrawn when used concomitantly with NOS inhibitors and NMDA-R antagonist, suggesting that the development of tolerance to the anticonvulsant effect of morphine (30 mg/kg) is mediated through the NMDA-R/NO pathway. A dose-dependent biphasic seizure modulation of morphine was demonstrated in the acute treatment with morphine; acute treatment at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg shows the anticonvulsant effect and at a dose of 3of morphine via the NMDA-R/NO pathway.The Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) trial is evaluating health benefits of a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stove intervention in biomass cook-fuel using homes (n = 3200) in four low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) that include Peru, Guatemala, Rwanda and India. Longitudinal urine samples (n = 6000) collected from enrolled pregnant women, infants and older women will be analyzed for biomarkers associated with exposure and health outcomes. We report results from cross-validation of a lower cost high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) method with a higher resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the measurement of 1-hydroxypyrene (1PYR) and 2-naphthol (2NAP). Twenty-five split urine samples were analyzed by HPLC-FLD method at the India trial site in Chennai, India and by LC-MSMS method at the trial wide Biomarker Coordinating Center, Emory University, USA. The limits of detection (LOD) for the HPLC-FLD method were 0.

A 15-question survey was completed by 250 Chennai, India participants; results were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software; and each output variable is depicted with a pie chart and bar graph. Results of the questionnaire show that 68.4% of participants are aware of dental implants, and 62.8% are moderately informed. For 62.4%, the source of information about implants or FPDs was from dentists. Our results find that the majority of questioned subjects are aware of dental implant treatment for replacing missing teeth, including implant uses, advantages, and disadvantages.Infection can nullify the benefits of a successful hip resurfacing arthroplasty (HRA). Even with infection, it may be feasible to meet a patient's desire to retain the implant. The author reviewed records of 301 patients with infected hip resurfacing. Patients expressed their treatment preference using a decision matrix that considered treatment efficacy, consequences of treatment failure, probability of infection worsening, and treatment side effects. Patient interviews were analyzed to determine their experience with treatment. Treatment alternatives were (1) no surgery, oral antibiotics, and local incision care; (2) surgical debridement, IV antibiotics, and implant retention; (3) one-stage explantation, IV antibiotics, and reimplantation generally with conversion to total hip replacement; and (4) two-stage reimplantation with conversion to total hip replacement. Mean follow-up was 9 years (range, 2-34). Pretreatment qualitative themes found that some patients believed their early infection symptoms were not validated, leading to diagnostic delays. During treatment, themes centered on mobility and lifestyle limitations for those receiving revision surgery. Posttreatment themes were reduced function following revision compared to pretreatment function. Of the 301 patients, 199 (66%) had nonoperative care, with remission for 169 (85%); 40 (13%) had one-stage reimplantation and 36 (90%) had infection remission; 16 (5%) had two-stage reimplantation with remission in 14 (87%); and 46 (16%) had debridement and implant retention, with remission for 38 (83%). The matrix showed that patients with infected HRA preferred nonoperative care, which was successful for 85%. Qualitative themes found less patient distress with nonoperative treatment and the greatest patient distress with two-stage revision.The impact of implant dentistry is such that, today, very few dentists think about saving grade III mobile teeth with recurrent periodontal abscess. This case report presents the management of grade III mobile lower anterior teeth with recurrent periodontal abscess. Treatment included SRP, splinting of the lower anterior teeth using wire and composite, RCT of the lower anterior teeth, periodontal flap surgery, and placement of bone graft and PRF. A patient was evaluated at one week and then every three months up to one year. Clinical examination showed reduction in mobility, resolution of inflammation, and abscess; radiographic examination showed bone fill.Knowing the initial hematocrit of a polytrauma patient can assist his trauma management. This paper describes a four-year study of 88 polytrauma patients. Fifty-nine were transfused, and eight were women (13.5%). The mean cost of the first hospitalization of patients who were transfused was 14,503 €; the mean cost of patients who were not transfused was 5,718 €. HCT did not correlate with ICU stay; nor did days of hospitalization. The mean HCT of those who died was not much different from that of survivors (33.23 with standard deviation [SD] 7.43 versus 32.37 with SD 5.89). This study showed that initial HCT does not correlate with days of hospitalization or days in ICU, but that transfusion can predict higher total cost.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of open sinus lift surgery on dental vitality and periodontal sensitivity of teeth adjacent to a surgery area. Forty-one patients undergoing open sinus lift surgery were evaluated for dental vitality and periodontal sensitivity of adjacent teeth. Dental vitality was evaluated using an electric pulp tester and cold spray. Periodontal sensitivity of teeth in the surgery area of open sinus lift was evaluated by interview and visual analogue scale before surgery and one, three, and six weeks after surgery. In order to increase the validity of the study, one healthy tooth was considered as a control. In the experimental group, differences in periodontal sensitivity were significant between the four measured times (P less then 0.001). Pretreatment compared with three weeks posttreatment, pretreatment compared with one week posttreatment, six weeks posttreatment compared with one week posttreatment, and three weeks posttreatment compared with one week posttreatment showed significant differences (P = 0.001). In the control group, the periodontal sensitivity between the four measured times did not differ significantly (P = 0.421). In the experimental group, pulpal sensitivity was significant between the four measured times (P = 0.019). It was found that the test and control groups showed significant differences in pretreatment versus six weeks posttreatment and one week posttreatment versus three weeks posttreatment (P less then 0.001). Pulse sensitivity significantly changed after open sinus lift surgery, making it clear that the surgery may lead to necrosis of adjacent teeth. However, further research is needed. Also, teeth in area of the surgery may be periodontally affected, but will undergo recovery.Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a high-altitude medicinal mushroom, is widely revered in traditional medicine for its antiproliferative, antihypercholesterolemic, energy enhancement, etc. properties. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mrt67307.html These properties are attributed to the presence of steroids, terpenoids, polyphenolics, glycosides, and glycoproteins in it. The current study presents characterization of three phenolic rich fractions (PRFs) separated from aqueous extract of O. sinensis using diethyl ether and ethyl acetate. These fractions possessed considerable antioxidant potential in terms of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, ferric ion reducing power, and free radical scavenging efficiency. Chemical characterization of the PRFs was carried out using HPTLC and GC-MS. The diethyl ether and ethyl acetate fractions elucidated appreciable antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi. The aqueous extract and residual phenolic fraction displayed protective effect on HEK 293 cell lines against hypoxia stress and also bestowed appreciative adaptogenic role against cold, hypoxia, and restraint stress in vivo, by decreasing levels of malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase and incrementing reduced glutathione concentrations.

42, 95% CI 3.67-42, P < 0.001) and older age (OR 1.016, 95% CI 1.007-1.025, P < 0.001) were associated with higher pain scores after the procedure. Children with a higher pain score before the procedure also had a longer recovery period (OR 5.28, 95% CI (1.93-14.49), P = 0.001).

Older age and higher pain score before the procedure were identified as predictors for higher pain score after pediatric gastrointestinal endoscopies. Children with these risk factors should be identified before the procedure in order to personalize their post-procedure management.
Older age and higher pain score before the procedure were identified as predictors for higher pain score after pediatric gastrointestinal endoscopies. Children with these risk factors should be identified before the procedure in order to personalize their post-procedure management.
Scheduled cesarean section is routinely performed under spinal anesthesia using hyperbaric bupivacaine. The current study was undertaken to determine the clinically relevant 95% effective dose of intrathecal 2% hyperbaric prilocaine co-administered with sufentanil for scheduled cesarean section, using continual reassessment method.

We conducted a dose-response, prospective, double-blinded study to determine the ED95 values of intrathecal hyperbaric prilocaine used with 2,5 mcg of sufentanil and 100 mcg of morphine for cesarean delivery. Each parturient enrolled in the study received an intrathecal dose of hyperbaric prilocaine determined by the CRM and the success or failure of the block was assessed as being the primary endpoint.

The doses given for each cohort varied from 35 to 50 mg of HP, according to the CRM, with a final ED95 lying between 45 and 50 mg of Prilocaine after completion of the 10 cohorts. Few side effects were reported and patients were globally satisfied.

The ED95 of intrathecal hyperbaric prilocaine with sufentanil 2.5 μg and morphine 100 μg for elective cesarean delivery was found to be between 45 and 50 mg. It may be an interesting alternative to other long-lasting local anesthetics in this context.

The study was registered on January 30, 2017 - retrospectively registered - and results posted at the public database clinicaltrials.gov ( NCT03036384 ).
The study was registered on January 30, 2017 - retrospectively registered - and results posted at the public database clinicaltrials.gov ( NCT03036384 ).
Tuberculosis (TB) though primarily affects the lungs it may also affect the other parts of the body and referred as extra pulmonary (EPTB). This study is focused on understanding the genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) among tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBL), a form of EPTB patients identified in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

The genetic diversity was identified by performing spoligotyping on the M.tb clinical isolates that were recovered from lymph node samples. A total of 71 M.tb isolates were recovered from extra pulmonary lymph node samples and subjected to Drug susceptibility testing and spoligotyping was carried out. In addition, immunological characterization from blood of same individuals from whom M.tb was isolated was carried out between the two major lineages groups East African Indian 3 (EAI3) and non-EAI3 strains by ELISA. The results of spoligotyping patterns were compared with the world Spoligotyping Database of Institute Pasteur de Guadeloupe (SpolDB4).

s with lymphadenitis and were found to have increased type 1 and type 17 proinflammatory cytokine profiles.
The study confirms that EAI lineage to be the most predominant lineages in EPTB patients with lymphadenitis and were found to have increased type 1 and type 17 proinflammatory cytokine profiles.
Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is one of the most widely used methods to measure gene expression. An important aspect of qPCR data that has been largely ignored is the presence of non-detects reactions failing to exceed the quantification threshold and therefore lacking a measurement of expression. While most current software replaces these non-detects with a value representing the limit of detection, this introduces substantial bias in the estimation of both absolute and differential expression. Single imputation procedures, while an improvement on previously used methods, underestimate residual variance, which can lead to anti-conservative inference.

We propose to treat non-detects as non-random missing data, model the missing data mechanism, and use this model to impute missing values or obtain direct estimates of model parameters. To account for the uncertainty inherent in the imputation, we propose a multiple imputation procedure, which provides a set of plausible values for each non-detect. We assess the proposed methods via simulation studies and demonstrate the applicability of these methods to three experimental data sets. We compare our methods to mean imputation, single imputation, and a penalized EM algorithm incorporating non-random missingness (PEMM). The developed methods are implemented in the R/Bioconductor package nondetects.

The statistical methods introduced here reduce discrepancies in gene expression values derived from qPCR experiments in the presence of non-detects, providing increased confidence in downstream analyses.
The statistical methods introduced here reduce discrepancies in gene expression values derived from qPCR experiments in the presence of non-detects, providing increased confidence in downstream analyses.
Although generally known as a human commensal, Staphylococcus epidermidis is also an opportunistic pathogen that can cause nosocomial infections related to foreign body materials and immunocompromized patients. Infections are often caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) lineages that are difficult and costly to treat, and can have a major adverse impact on patients' quality of life. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ml-si3.html Heterogeneity is a common phenomenon in both carriage and infection, but present methodology for detection of this is laborious or expensive. In this study, we present a culture-independent method, labelled Epidome, based on an amplicon sequencing-approach to deliver information beyond species level on primary samples and to elucidate clonality, population structure and temporal stability or niche selection of S. epidermidis communities.

Based on an assessment of > 800 genes from the S. epidermidis core genome, we identified genes with variable regions, which in combination facilitated the differentiation of phylogenetic clusters observed in silico, and allowed classification down to lineage level.

1 ± 2.4 cm H2O. The adverse events included transient cough (10.7%), sore throat (4.9%), and desaturation (3.9%). There was no sign of respiratory distress during the recovery and no intervention was required in any child postoperatively. Conclusion I-gel provided adequate ventilation of the lungs in children undergoing laparoscopic surgery with no major adverse event. Copyright © 2020 Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology.The World Health Organization (WHO) announced antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as a major threat to public health which requires that new antimicrobials need to be developed faster than ever before. The rapid development of resistance has rendered many promising antibacterials useless in treating critically ill patients. This article discusses new antibacterials, which got Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in the last few years, along with their key pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) advantages, added antimicrobial spectrum, indications, strengths and weaknesses of these drugs from an intensivist point of view. A brief mention has been made on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), bacteriophages and nanoparticles, which are likely to dominate the future of antibacterials. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/aspirin-acetylsalicylic-acid.html Finally, it must be understood that the battle against AMR can only be won by a combination of innovative therapies, good infection control practices, strong antibiotic stewardship in the hands of informed healthcare workers. Copyright © 2020 Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology.Ultrasound is gaining increasing popularity among anesthesiologists as it is readily available and provides real-time imaging for various procedures. It is considered as a "visual stethoscope" of the anesthesiologist. After establishing its use in regional blocks and central venous catheter insertion, it is now finding increasing use in anticipation of difficult airway and securing and maintaining it. It has challenged the classical approach of clinical assessment of airway and allows more dynamic bedside assessment. This article attempts to briefly outline the role of ultrasound and its applications for airway management in patients. Copyright © 2020 Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology.In phenotype prediction the physical characteristics of an organism are predicted from knowledge of its genotype and environment. Such studies, often called genome-wide association studies, are of the highest societal importance, as they are of central importance to medicine, crop-breeding, etc. We investigated three phenotype prediction problems one simple and clean (yeast), and the other two complex and real-world (rice and wheat). We compared standard machine learning methods; elastic net, ridge regression, lasso regression, random forest, gradient boosting machines (GBM), and support vector machines (SVM), with two state-of-the-art classical statistical genetics methods; genomic BLUP and a two-step sequential method based on linear regression. Additionally, using the clean yeast data, we investigated how performance varied with the complexity of the biological mechanism, the amount of observational noise, the number of examples, the amount of missing data, and the use of different data representations. Weal. © The Author(s) 2019.A two to three period analytical chemistry experiment has been developed which allows second year students to explore chemical color tests used to detect adulterated pharmaceuticals. Students prepare several paper analytical devices (PADs) to generate positive and negative controls antibiotics, along with cutting agents such as starch and chalk. These PADs are used to identify the active ingredients and excipients in mystery tablets prepared by their classmates. In the second part of the lab, the students select an individual color test and design an experiment to quantify their mystery pill's active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Nearly all of the student groups were able to successfully identify adulterants present in their mystery tablets. The quantification of the mystery tablets was also successful with all but one group calculating the correct concentration within 6%. In a postlab assessment, the students identified their largest gains in their ability to analyze data and other information, skill in science writing, and learning of laboratory techniques. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society and Division of Chemical Education, Inc.Glaciers have shaped past and present habitats for Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in North America. During the last glacial maximum, approximately 45% of the current North American range of Pacific salmon was covered in ice. Currently, most salmon habitat occurs in watersheds in which glacier ice is present and retreating. This synthesis examines the multiple ways that glacier retreat can influence aquatic ecosystems through the lens of Pacific salmon life cycles. We predict that the coming decades will result in areas in which salmon populations will be challenged by diminished water flows and elevated water temperatures, areas in which salmon productivity will be enhanced as downstream habitat suitability increases, and areas in which new river and lake habitat will be formed that can be colonized by anadromous salmon. Effective conservation and management of salmon habitat and populations should consider the impacts of glacier retreat and other sources of ecosystem change. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Institute of Biological Sciences.Introduction An optimal classroom acoustic environment is essential for children with hearing impairment to achieve academic success. The aim of the present study is to provide an overview of classroom listening conditions in schools for children with hearing impairment in a developing country context. Materials and Methods Noise levels were measured in 37 classrooms from four schools in Chennai, India. Teacher speech levels were measured to obtain classroom speech to noise ratio (SNR) data. The reverberation time was estimated for each classroom. Results The mean noise level and reverberation time in all classrooms exceeded recommended maximum levels. The measured SNRs were not optimal for children with hearing impairment. Observations of the classrooms revealed that acoustical treatments were inadequate. Conclusion The results indicated that Indian schools for children with hearing impairment should take steps to improve classroom listening environments. Possible solutions that may alleviate suboptimal classroom sound environments are discussed.