Christmas is a holiday celebrated by countless people around the world, but just how much do we truly understand about its origins and traditions? Understanding the history and evolution of Christmas traditions is very important because it allows us to appreciate the abundant cultural heritage behind the vacation. From the pagan roots of Christmas to the modern-day adjustments made by Christianity, each tradition has a story to tell. In this short article, we will check out the origins of Christmas customs such as the Christmas tree, Santa Claus, Christmas carols, nativity scenes, Christmas cards, gift-giving, the Feast of the 7 Fishes, the Yule Log, and the legend of Krampus. By delving into the history of these traditions, we can acquire a much deeper understanding of their significance and ensure that they are maintained for future generations.



The Origins of Christmas: Pagan Roots and Christian Adaptations


The origins of Christmas can be traced back to ancient pagan events that took place throughout the winter solstice. In many cultures, this was a time to celebrate the return of light and warmth after the darkest days of winter. The Romans commemorated Saturnalia, a celebration dedicated to Saturn, the god of farming. Throughout this time, individuals would exchange presents, decorate their homes with plant, and feast together.

When Christianity started to spread out throughout Europe, it adjusted much of these pagan traditions in order to make the brand-new religion more appealing to converts. In the fourth century, Pope Julius I declared December 25th as the official date for commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ. This date accompanied existing pagan festivals such as Saturnalia and the birth of Mithras, a popular sun god. By incorporating these customs into Christmas celebrations, Christianity had the ability to produce a vacation that would resonate with both believers and non-believers alike.



The First Christmas Trees: From Germany to the World


The custom of decorating evergreen trees during the winter season can be traced back to ancient pagan cultures. The ancient Egyptians, for instance, would bring green palm branches into their homes throughout the winter solstice as a sign of life's accomplishment over death. In ancient Rome, people would embellish trees with little pieces of metal and light candle lights to celebrate Saturnalia.

The modern-day custom of the Christmas tree, however, can be traced back to Germany in the 16th century. According to legend, the Protestant reformer Martin Luther was strolling through a forest one winter evening when he was struck by the beauty of the stars shining through the branches of the trees. Motivated by this sight, he brought a little evergreen tree into his home and embellished it with candle lights to recreate the scene for his household.

The tradition of the Christmas tree spread throughout Germany and eventually made its way to other parts of Europe. In the 18th century, German immigrants brought the custom to America, where it quickly acquired appeal. Today, the Christmas tree is a main part of holiday celebrations in lots of nations around the globe.



The Development of Santa Claus: From Saint Nicholas to Jolly Old St. Nick


The legend of Santa Claus has its roots in the story of Saint Nicholas, a Christian bishop who lived in the fourth century in what is now modern-day Turkey. Saint Nicholas was understood for his generosity and kindness, especially towards kids and those in need. In time, stories and legends about his kindness spread out throughout Europe.

In the Middle Ages, Saint Nicholas became a popular figure in European folklore. He was frequently illustrated as a tall, thin man dressed in bishop's robes, carrying a staff and a bag of presents for children. In some countries, such as the Netherlands, Saint Nicholas was thought to check out kids on December 5th, leaving gifts in their shoes.



Throughout the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, however, lots of countries started to reject the veneration of saints, consisting of Saint Nicholas. In England, for example, the figure of Father Christmas became a nonreligious alternative to Saint Nicholas. Dad Christmas was depicted as a jolly man dressed in green bathrobes, who would visit homes during the Christmas season to bring excellent cheer and gifts.

In the 19th century, the legend of Santa Claus as we know him today began to take shape. The poem "A Check out from St. Nicholas," likewise called "The Night Before Christmas," was published in 1823 and presented much of the familiar elements of the Santa Claus legend, such as his reindeer and his sleigh. The image of Santa Claus as a jolly old man with a white beard and a red match was promoted by the Coca-Cola Company in the 1930s.



The History of Christmas Carols: From Medieval Chants to Modern Classics


The tradition of singing songs throughout the Christmas season dates back to ancient times. In pagan cultures, singing and dancing were often utilized as part of winter solstice events to drive away fiends and bring all the best for the coming year.

In Christian tradition, singing hymns and carols became an important part of Christmas events. In the Middle Ages, monks would sing chants and hymns in Latin throughout Christmas Mass. These tunes were typically solemn and religious in nature, focusing on the story of Jesus' birth.

During the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, nevertheless, lots of churches began to integrate more cheerful and festive songs into their worship services. These tunes were typically sung in the regional language rather than Latin, making them more accessible to regular people.

In the 19th century, Christmas carols ended up being a lot more popular thanks to the efforts of composers such as Felix Mendelssohn and John Francis Wade. Mendelssohn's "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing" and Wade's "O Come, All Ye Faithful" are still extensively sung today.



The Story of the Nativity Scene: A Classic Sign of Christmas


The tradition of creating nativity scenes, likewise known as crèches or manger scenes, can be traced back to the 13th century in Italy. According to legend, Saint Francis of Assisi was motivated to create the first nativity scene after checking out the Holy Land and seeing the cavern where Jesus was believed to have actually been born.

Saint Francis wanted to bring the story of Jesus' birth to life for the people of his home town, so he set up a manger with live animals and welcomed the townspeople to come and see. The nativity scene rapidly ended up being popular throughout Italy and spread to other parts of Europe.

Today, nativity scenes are a common sight in churches, homes, and public places throughout the Christmas season. They act as a tip of the real meaning of Christmas and the story of Jesus' birth.



https://humanlove.stream/wiki/Unwrapping_the_very_best_Christmas_Tales_Stories_to_Share_with_Your_Liked_Ones of Christmas Cards: How a Victorian Tradition Became a Global Phenomenon


The custom of sending Christmas cards dates back to the Victorian period in England. In the early 19th century, it ended up being fashionable for wealthy households to send handwritten Christmas greetings to their friends and loved ones.

The first industrial Christmas card was produced in 1843 by Sir Henry Cole, a British civil servant. The card included an illustration of a household collected around a table taking pleasure in a Christmas banquet, with the message "A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year to You" printed within.

The idea quickly captured on, and by the late 19th century, Christmas cards were being produced in big quantities and cost affordable prices. Advances in printing technology made it possible to produce colorful and intricate cards with elaborate designs.

Today, sending Christmas cards is a popular tradition around the globe. It is a method for individuals to stay gotten in touch with liked ones during the holiday season and spread good cheer.



The Tradition of Christmas Presents: A History of Kindness and Exchange


The tradition of providing gifts throughout the Christmas season can be traced back to ancient times. In pagan cultures, the exchange of gifts was seen as a way to bring good luck and success for the coming year.

In Christian custom, the practice of giving presents throughout Christmas is typically related to the story of the 3 Wise Guys, who brought gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh to the baby Jesus. The act of providing presents is viewed as a method to honor the birth of Jesus and to share in his spirit of love and kindness.

Over time, the tradition of gift-giving throughout Christmas has actually progressed. In many countries, it has ended up being traditional to exchange gifts with family and friends on Christmas Eve or Christmas Day. The presents are typically put under a Christmas tree or in stockings hung by the fireplace.

Over the last few years, there has been a growing focus on giving significant and thoughtful presents instead of merely exchanging product ownerships. Many people now select to give experiences, such as concert tickets or spa treatments, or to contribute to charitable causes in lieu of traditional presents.



The Feast of the Seven Fishes: A Delicious Italian-American Christmas Tradition


The Banquet of the Seven Fishes is a standard Italian-American meal that is served on Christmas Eve. It is believed to have come from Southern Italy, where it was traditional to abstain from eating meat on Christmas Eve as a method to prepare for the delight in Christmas Day.

The number seven is substantial due to the fact that it represents the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church. The meal generally includes seven different types of fish or seafood dishes, such as baccalà (salted cod), shrimp, clams, and calamari.

The Feast of the 7 Fishes has actually ended up being a precious tradition amongst Italian-Americans and is typically celebrated with friends and family. It is a time to come together and enjoy a tasty meal while honoring their Italian heritage.



The Yule Log: A Nordic Winter Solstice Custom that Endured the Ages




The custom of the Yule Log can be traced back to ancient Nordic cultures, where it was believed to bring best of luck and security from evil spirits during the winter solstice. The Yule Log was usually a large, oak log that was burned in the hearth for twelve days and nights.

As Christianity spread throughout Europe, the Yule Log tradition was adjusted to fit the brand-new religion. In some nations, such as France and England, a big log would be brought into the house on Christmas Eve and burned throughout the Christmas season.

Today, the Yule Log has been changed into a tasty dessert that is frequently served during Christmas events. The Yule Log cake, also known as a Bûche de Noël, is made from sponge cake rolled with buttercream icing and decorated to resemble a log.



The Legend of Krampus: The Dark Side of Christmas in Central Europe


While numerous Christmas customs are joyful and festive, there is one tradition that has a darker side. In Central European countries such as Austria, Germany, and Hungary, there is a legend of an animal referred to as Krampus.

According to folklore, Krampus is a horned creature with cloven hooves who accompanies Saint Nicholas on his rounds on December 5th. While Saint Nicholas rewards great children with presents, Krampus punishes naughty children by knocking them with birch branches or bring them away in his sack.

The legend of Krampus has its roots in pagan mythology, where he was believed to be a buddy of the god Odin. In time, he became associated with Saint Nicholas and ended up being a popular figure in Christmas traditions.

Today, Krampus is often portrayed in parades and festivals in Main European countries. Individuals dress up as Krampus and wander the streets, scaring kids and adults alike. It is a method to remind individuals to be on their finest habits throughout the Christmas season.



The Future of Christmas Traditions: How Modern Society is Changing the Method We Celebrate


In today's fast-paced and increasingly nonreligious society, lots of Christmas traditions are facing challenges. The commercialization of Christmas has actually caused an emphasis on material ownerships instead of the real meaning of the holiday. Many individuals feel overwhelmed by the pressure to purchase gifts, embellish their homes, and go to numerous social events.

At the very same time, there is a growing motion towards streamlining and individualizing Christmas celebrations. Lots of people are choosing to focus on investing quality time with loved ones, offering significant presents, and participating in acts of compassion and charity.

It is very important to protect and commemorate our Christmas traditions while likewise adjusting them to fit modern-day times. By comprehending the history and significance of these customs, we can ensure that they continue to be given from generation to generation.


Christmas is a vacation filled with abundant customs and customs that have actually developed over centuries. By understanding the origins and history of these traditions, we can gain a deeper gratitude for their significance and ensure that they are protected for future generations.

From the pagan roots of Christmas to the Christian adaptations, each custom has a story to tell. The Christmas tree, Santa Claus, Christmas carols, nativity scenes, Christmas cards, gift-giving, the Feast of the 7 Fishes, the Yule Log, and the legend of Krampus all have deep cultural and historic roots that should have to be celebrated.

As we navigate the obstacles of contemporary society, it is very important to find a balance in between preserving our valued traditions and adjusting them to fit our altering world. By doing so, we can make sure that Christmas remains a time of pleasure, love, and event for generations to come.

Weight loss may be difficult for young women with obesity to achieve due to competing priorities (caring for children and/or full-time work), limiting their ability to engage in weight loss interventions. Older or postmenopausal women may also face challenges to weight loss such as caring responsibilities and menopause. Menopausal status may reflect differences in weight loss.

This study compared changes in weight, fat mass, and lean mass in premenopausal versus postmenopausal women in dietary weight loss trials.

We reviewed publications from January 2000 to June 2020 evaluating a weight loss intervention with a dietary component, with or without exercise, and reporting weight loss of premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Where available, data on mean change from baseline for weight, fat mass, and lean mass of premenopausal and postmenopausal groups were entered into Review Manger for meta-analyses. Differences between menopausal groups were compared in subgroups of studies for intervention characterieview provides some evidence to suggest weight loss interventions may not need to be tailored to women's menopausal status. However, given the small number of studies, short intervention duration in most publications (≤ 6 mo) and unclear retention rates in premenopausal versus postmenopausal groups of some publications, menopausal group differences should be examined in existing and future trials where the appropriate data have been collected.
This review provides some evidence to suggest weight loss interventions may not need to be tailored to women's menopausal status. However, given the small number of studies, short intervention duration in most publications (≤ 6 mo) and unclear retention rates in premenopausal versus postmenopausal groups of some publications, menopausal group differences should be examined in existing and future trials where the appropriate data have been collected.
Violence against women occurs all over the world; it is a phenomenon that is considered an invasion of human rights. The most common form of this phenomenon is domestic violence (DV).

The purpose of this study was to explore the health-related perceptions of married women in Iran who have experienced DV.

This qualitative study was carried out using conventional content analysis method. In total, a purposive sample of 27 women who had been subjected to violence by their spouses agreed to participate in this study. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/BKM-120.html Individual, in-depth, and semistructured interviews were conducted.

Three main categories emerged from the data (a) perceptions related to physical health (including non-sex-organ injuries and sex organ injuries), (b) perceptions related to psychological health (including fear, concern, and the creation of challenges), and (c) perceptions related to sociocultural health (specifically social health and cultural health).

In Iran, DV threatens women's health and is influenced by personal, familial, social, and cultural factors. Nurses should consider various aspects of physical, psychological, and sociocultural health when caring for women who have experienced DV. Social and cultural-based interventions are needed to address negative attitudes, stigma, and false beliefs that sanction DV in Iran.
In Iran, DV threatens women's health and is influenced by personal, familial, social, and cultural factors. Nurses should consider various aspects of physical, psychological, and sociocultural health when caring for women who have experienced DV. Social and cultural-based interventions are needed to address negative attitudes, stigma, and false beliefs that sanction DV in Iran.
The aim of this study was to determine retrospectively the demographic characteristics of forensic cases aged 0-18 years who were admitted to the emergency department.

A total of 14,352 pediatric forensic cases aged 0-18 years, who were admitted to the emergency department of a hospital, were analyzed retrospectively in terms of the date of presentation, age, gender, and type of case.

Among the pediatric cases presenting to the emergency department, 56% were due to falling, 19% were due to burns, 8.5% were due to poisoning, 7.4% were due to animal bites, 5.3% were due to traffic accidents, 3.4% were due to battery, and 0.4% were due to other phenomena (electric shock and sexual abuse). Examination of the distribution of cases in terms of age showed that falling (16.4%), burns (25.7%), and poisoning (28%) were more frequent in boys in the age group of 15-18 months and in girls in the age group of 0-12 months. Presenting to the emergency department because of sexual abuse was observed to be more frequent in girls in the age groups of 10-14 years (40%) and 15-18 years (26.7%).

The high rates of falling, burns, and poisoning cases among children observed in this study suggest that child neglect and abuse were high and reveal the necessity of the presence of forensic nurses in the emergency departments.
The high rates of falling, burns, and poisoning cases among children observed in this study suggest that child neglect and abuse were high and reveal the necessity of the presence of forensic nurses in the emergency departments.
Medical students across the United Kingdom helped the National Health Service (NHS) with the increased workload caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was conducted to better understand the implications of COVID-19 on the intricate relationship between the psychological wellbeing of students and working within the NHS.

This was a cross-sectional, national UK study analyzing the self-reported pandemic anxiety scale (PAS) of participants during the pandemic, using an online questionnaire.

25.2% of participants worked within the NHS. Working significantly reduced anxiety levels of participants. Concerns around the training and information provided on personal protective equipment (PPE) (odds ratio [OR] 2.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] OR 1.93, 3.43) (P < 0.001) and Ethnicity (OR 2.15, 95% CI OR 1.54, 2.99) (P < 0.001) were the most significant covariates affecting the likelihood of working.

Working during the pandemic was influenced by age, ethnicity, and information surrounding PPE. On average those who worked experienced less anxiety and were more cheerful and energetic.

In a murine model of K. pneumoniae mastitis, injecting bacteriophage CM8-1 into the mammary gland 2 h after inoculation with K. pneumoniae resulted in reductions in bacterial counts in the murine mammary gland, improvements in mammary gland tissue morphology, and reductions in mRNA and protein expression of pro-inflammatory factors. Bacteriophage CM8-1 had stable biological characteristics and suppressed K. pneumoniae mastitis when injected into the mammary gland 2 h latera in mice bacterial inoculation.Staphylococcus aureus is a widespread foodborne pathogen that threatens human health. In particular, multidrug-resistant bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are emerging problems in modern health care, food safety, and animal health, which require the development of new antimicrobials to replace overused conventional antibiotics. Dairy products can potentially act as vehicles for the transmission of S. aureus and other antibiotic-resistant strains from the farm into the general human population, and should be controlled during the production and storage process. Recently, bacteriophage endolysins, which degrade the cell wall that is indispensable for bacteria, have been deemed promising antimicrobial agents. In this study, one endolysin, LysGH15, demonstrated prominent antimicrobial efficacy against S. aureus, as did its catalytic domain, cysteine, histidine-dependent amidohydrolase/peptidases (CHAP)LysGH15 alone. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pt2385.html The LysGH15 and CHAPLysGH15 exhibited different characteristics for application in dairy products.The combined use of solar photovoltaics and agriculture may provide farmers with an alternative source of income and reduce heat stress in dairy cows. The objective of this study was to determine the effects on grazing cattle under shade from a solar photovoltaic system. The study was conducted at the University of Minnesota West Central Research and Outreach Center in Morris, Minnesota on a grazing dairy. Twenty-four crossbred cows were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups (shade or no shade) from June to September in 2019. The replicated (n = 4) treatment groups of 6 cows each were provided shade from a 30-kW photovoltaic system. Two groups of cows had access to shade in paddocks, and 2 groups of cows had no shade in paddocks. All cows were located in the same pasture during summer. Behavior observations and milk production were evaluated for cows during 4 periods of summer. Boluses and an eartag sensor monitored internal body temperature, activity, and rumination on all cows, respectively. Independent vnd increase well-being of cows and the efficiency of land use.Milk fan is a cheese-like fermented milk product produced in Yunnan Province, China. In this study, we characterized the microbial communities of milk fan from 6 distinct geographical origins and investigated their generation of volatile organic compounds (VOC). The microbial communities found in all milk fan samples were dominated by Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, and Raoultella bacteria and Rhodotorula, Torulaspora, and Candida fungi. Samples from the Kunming and Weishan regions had greater bacterial richness, and samples from Xizhou had greater fungal community richness. Sixty prominent VOC (i.e., those having odor activity values ≥1), including esters, acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and aromatic compounds, were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of milk fan samples. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that Lactobacillus, Rhodotorula, Lodderomyces, and Debaryomyces had significant correlations with various VOC, revealing a total of 13 compounds that are characteristic of the odor of milk fan. These bacteria and fungi are therefore identified as functional microorganisms that collectively create the complex VOC profile of milk fan. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the microbial community of milk fan and demonstrates its contribution to the unique aroma profile of this fermented milk product.This article is the second from an experiment that determined the effects of altering the dietary ratio of palmitic (C160) and oleic (cis-9 C181) acids on digestibility, production, and metabolic responses of dairy cows during the immediate postpartum. This article elaborates on the effect of these diets on nutrient digestibility, energy balance, and metabolism. Fifty-six multiparous cows were used in a randomized complete block design and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments fed from 1 to 24 d in milk. The treatments were (1) control (CON) diet not supplemented with fatty acids (FA); (2) diet supplemented with a FA blend containing 80% C160 and 10% cis-9 C181 (8010); (3) diet supplemented with a FA blend containing 70% C160 and 20% cis-9 C181 (7020); and (4) diet supplemented with a FA blend containing 60% C160 and 30% cis-9 C181 (6030). The FA supplement blends were added at 1.5% of diet dry matter by replacing soyhulls in the CON diet. Three preplanned contrasts were used to compare treatment differences Increasing dietary cis-9 C181 increased energy intake, reduced markers of body fat mobilization, and improved energy balance during the immediate postpartum.Poor stall configuration can negatively affect cow welfare by impairing lying behavior and leading to injuries in dairy cows. The comfort of the stall bed in tiestalls is affected by the material components of the stall bed (stall base and bedding), but also by the amount of space provided. The amount of space cows are able to access lengthwise in a tiestall is determined by the stall bed length and the height of the manger wall (the front limit of the stall bed), which can limit access into the space available at the front of the stall. This project aimed to maximize cow comfort in deep-bedded tiestalls by investigating the combined effect of increased bed length and decreased manger wall height in a crossover experiment (2 periods with 1 wk habituation + 6 wk data collection). Two rows of 12 tiestalls were modified (n = 24 cows). Each row was a different length, short (178 cm; length commonly found in Quebec) or long (188 cm), and cows remained on the same row (same stall bed length) for the entire experiment.

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Declare independence. Get in the habit of putting him down awake, without holding, patting, or rocking him. This will not only condition him to fall asleep on his own, it will also teach him to get himself back rest without your help when he wakes in the core night. Remember to keep up a calm, relaxed approach with your baby. Babies know whenever we are tense, furthermore won't be capable self soothe they will sense our disappointment.

The other day, We were in region Sprint Handset dealer and found that experienced plans and were advertising News Feeds with their regular, non-Internet cell phones, along with packages for full-internet and email, even 4G wireless, and OMG are there some killer applications with this? Not only can you obtain the business news, but local retailers can have themselves programmed into map and GPS applications and advertise on those news feeds. Whooyah!

His success was as being a result his bringing in an group of friends that stayed true to him. There have been no leaks and he earned the moniker "No drama President obama." Obama simply ran a smarter and others efficient campaign, coupled is not flaws and failures of your Clinton and McCain generation devices. This is not knowledge Obama "backed into" the White Your house. He won over the American public and did more to earn their trust. He won over white as well as the white female segment that pundits were sure would switched on him. He benefited from Hillary Clinton's help in addition a smart campaign manger, David Axelrod.



There were rumors that staffer Randy Scheunemann appeared to be fired, in order to be reinstated by McCain, who feared that stories of campaign discord would hit the newswires just days up until the election. After the election, Fox News defended its girl Palin, insisting the stories were the grumblings of disgruntled aides making excuses for McCain's defeat to ensure they wouldn't look bad that will get jobs with other campaigns.

De plus, le lavage des mains avant de manger est considéré comme un facteur protecteur. La séroprévalence contre T. gondii dans la population étudiée était courante, ce qui souligne la nécessité de prévenir et de contrôler cette infection. Il s’agit du premier signalement de la séroprévalence contre T. gondii chez les enfants des écoles primaires de la province du Henan.in English, French Title Démonstration de la résistance au comportement de satyrisation chez Aedes aegypti de l’île de La Réunion. Abstract Aedes aegypti et Aedes albopictus sont des vecteurs compétents d’arbovirus, tels que les virus de la dengue et du chikungunya, qui coexistent dans certaines régions, y compris à La Réunion, dans l’Océan Indien. Une interférence sur la reproduction appelée satyrisation a été décrite chez les espèces sympatriques où l’accouplement d’une espèce dominante ne produit pas d’hybrides et donc réduit le succès reproducteur et tend à contrôler la propagation des autres espèces. Ici, nous avons étudié la satyrisation dans des expériences de laboratoire pour fournir des informations sur l’impact potentiel sur Ae. aegypti d’une campagne de lutte contre Ae. albopictus basée sur la technique de l’insecte stérile. Différents croisements d’accouplements ont été utilisés pour tester les effets sympatriques, conspécifiques-interspécifiques et allopatriques de mâles Ae. albopictus irradiés es une zone sympatrique est discutée.Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) has been used for the past 30 years, with significant improvements in the implantation technique and technology over the last several years. Canadian centers were involved with this technique from the very beginning by participating in several multicenter clinical trials and engaging in basic and clinical research. Presently, six Canadian centers continue to have SNM implantation programs.The climate crisis poses the greatest threat to human health this century. Mental health services will be called on to address the psychological consequences of its effects on peoples' lives, particularly the socially disadvantaged and those on low incomes. However, healthcare systems are also contributors to the climate crisis. This editorial discusses how services can continue to provide care while contributing less to climate change. Specifically, it suggests what services such as forensic mental healthcare, which is constrained by legal, political and resourcing concerns, can do differently.This commentary is in response to a paper published in the Lancet entitled "Progress in adolescent health and well-being tracking 12 headline indicators for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016" (Peter Azzopardi et al, 2019). We agree with the authors' overall conclusions that although there has been progress in some health outcomes, health risks and social determinants, the situation has worsened in other areas. Other important messages emerge from studying the data with an adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights (ASRHR) lens. First, notable - albeit uneven - progress in all the ASRHR indicators has occurred in multi-burden countries. Second, while we cannot assign a cause-effect relationship, it is reasonable to suggest that in addition to secular trends, deliberate global and national investment and action have contributed to and/or accelerated these changes. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/tng908.html Third, progress in ASRHR in the multi-burden countries contrasts sharply with increases in rates of tobacco use, binge drinking and overweight and obesity, in all categories of countries. Based on these observations, we submit five implications for action the adolescent health community must recognize the progress made in ASRHR; acknowledge that increasing investment and action in ASRHR has contributed to these tangible results, which has the potential to grow; build on the gains in ASRHR through concerted action and a focus on implementation science; expand the adolescent health agenda in a progressive and strategic manner; and contribute to wider efforts to respond to adolescents' health needs within the rapidly changing context of the worlds they live in.Objective This study aimed to assess the validity of the psychiatric problems subscale of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI-psych) to ascertain psychiatric comorbidity among individuals participating in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of substance use disorder (SUD) treatments.Methods The ASI-psych score among 1,660 RCT participants of National Institute of Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network studies was compared against diagnosis of any serious mental disorder based on the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition (SCID) or Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and area under the curve (AUC) for detecting any serious mental disorders were estimated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.Results Based on the overall sample, the AUC score for any serious mental disorder was 0.72 (95% confidence interval [CI], [0.69, 0.75]) with the optimal ASI-psych score of 24.6. There was no statistically significant difference in AUCs based on the SCID and MINI (χ2 = 0.05, p = .82) or by target drugs of RCTs (χ2 =1.33, p = .72).Conclusions Results support the utility of the ASI in screening for psychiatric comorbidity among patients receiving SUD treatments in RCT settings.As right-wing populist movements make electoral gains around the world, one might expect that resultant policy and legislative reversals against sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) would be mirrored by a similar backlash in United Nations (UN) human rights negotiations. Yet the past five years have seen unprecedented advances for SRHR within the UN Human Rights Council (HRC), treaty bodies, and special procedures. In this article, we provide an overview of SRHR gains and setbacks within the HRC and analyse their broader significance, particularly as socially conservative nation states and non-governmental organisations seek to challenge them. We analyse how states have advanced SRHR in the HRC and examine efforts that states which oppose SRHR have undertaken to limit these advances. In an increasingly hostile political climate, the inter-related legal, technical, and political mechanisms through which human rights are advanced within the UN has helped to mitigate the effects of rapid political reversals.