The results suggest that apigenin and luteolin may have potentials as neuroprotective agents for the treatment of diseases involving astrocyte activation and detrimental production of IL-31 and IL-33.The variety of chronic diseases caused by a chronic inflammatory process is an unresolved problem in developed countries. Due to this, modern medicine lacks effective, pathogenetic mechanisms of treatment or at least improvement of the quality of life of people with so-called diseases of civilization. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a model of λ-carrageenan secondary chronic inflammation in rats. MSCs derived from rat femoral epiphysis were used. At the current level of medicine, many highly specific markers of chronic inflammation are available that will also be studied later (α-TNF, IL 6, C-reactive protein); however, this article will consider the study of the most accessible but at the same time very informative indicators of the inflammatory process-a common total blood count-leukocytes, leukocyte formula, and LMR. The study was performed on 132 male Wistar rats weighing 180-200 g, which were divided into 12 groups. The inflammation was caused by the introduction of 10 mg λ-carrageenan intramuscular in right hip. After induction of edema, the experimental groups of rats were administered MSCs into the inflamed site, in the amount of 1-2 million cells once. Blood sampling was performed from 6 h to 28 days. With one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons test, p less then 0.05, we compared our groups of animals. In the detailed dynamics of inflammation, from the 6th hour to the 28th day (ten terms), the reactions of the blood system and their mechanisms were investigated. There were intact rats-6 animals without any interventions, as well as rats administered MSCs without causing inflammation (6 animals) in experiment. In this experiment, the lymphocyte-monocyte ratio in rats is described for the first time, demonstrating the suppression of chronic inflammation by means of MSCs.Sepsis, a systemic inflammatory response mediated by excessive production of diverse inflammatory cytokines, remains the vital cause of morality in the intensive care unit (ICU). TLR4-MD2 (toll-like receptor 4-myeloid differentiation factor 2) complex activated by LPS serves as an effective target to decrease the inflammation during sepsis. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a new small molecule Z20 structural based on (2S, 3R, 4S)-chromene-3-carboxamide on LPS-induced sepsis in mice. We found Z20 markedly improved the survival rate and attenuated the multiply organs injury after LPS administration in mice. In addition, Z20 significantly alleviated organ inflammation as characterized by diminished inflammatory factors expression in vivo. Furthermore, by employing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiment, we identified that TLR4-MD2 complex was the potential target for Z20. Finally, we performed the safety assessment experiment to confirm the safety of Z20 in vivo. In conclusion, Z20, as a potential TLR4-MD2 inhibitor, effectively attenuated LPS-induced organ injury and inflammation.The emergence of SARS-CoV-2/2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has created a global pandemic with no approved treatments or vaccines. Many treatments have already been administered to COVID-19 patients but have not been systematically evaluated. We performed a systematic literature review to identify all treatments reported to be administered to COVID-19 patients and to assess time to clinically meaningful response for treatments with sufficient data. We searched PubMed, BioRxiv, MedRxiv, and ChinaXiv for articles reporting treatments for COVID-19 patients published between 1 December 2019 and 27 March 2020. Data were analyzed descriptively. Of the 2706 articles identified, 155 studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 9152 patients. The cohort was 45.4% female and 98.3% hospitalized, and mean (SD) age was 44.4 years (SD 21.0). The most frequently administered drug classes were antivirals, antibiotics, and corticosteroids, and of the 115 reported drugs, the most frequently administered was combination lopinavir/ritonavir, which was associated with a time to clinically meaningful response (complete symptom resolution or hospital discharge) of 11.7 (1.09) days. There were insufficient data to compare across treatments. Many treatments have been administered to the first 9152 reported cases of COVID-19. These data serve as the basis for an open-source registry of all reported treatments given to COVID-19 patients at www.CDCN.org/CORONA. Further work is needed to prioritize drugs for investigation in well-controlled clinical trials and treatment protocols.This paper describes the prevalence of indicator and pathogenic bacterial groups in water and sediments in OSZ-offshore, ISZ-inshore, IEZ-inner estuary, and UEZ-upper estuary along the river Chapora, central west coast of India, which is influenced by anthropogenic inputs. The abundance of indicator bacterial groups such as total coliforms and Escherichia coli-like organisms in water ranged from non-detectable (ND) to 103 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. In contrast, their abundance in the sediments was six orders magnitude higher than water (ND to 109 CFU/g). The abundance of potential pathogenic bacteria in water and sediment samples ranged from ND to 103 CFU/mL and from ND to 109 CFU/g respectively, with Shigella-like organisms (SHLO) being the most abundant. In the surface waters, SHLO and Pseudomonas aeruginosa-like organisms (PALO) and in bottom waters, Vibrio parahaemolyticus-like organism and PALO increased progressively from OSZ to UEZ. In contrast, Proteus/Klebsiella-like organisms (PKLO) showed a reverse trend. Amongst all four zones, IEZ was the most contaminated in terms of the higher abundance of indicator and potential pathogenic bacterial populations as corroborated by significantly lower water quality index value. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/CAL-101.html Principal component analysis performed using physico-chemical variables and bacterial groups to reduce data set variability revealed that a different set of parameters contributed differently to the total variation in each zone. Considering the eco-sensitivity of the river Chapora, the results of the present study call for precautionary measures to minimize the degree of anthropogenic inputs.

92). PCA revealed a three-component solution consisting of Expressiveness and Motivation for Social and Family Relationships (Factor 1), Motivation for Vocational Activities (Factor 2), and Motivation for Recreation (Factor 3). Convergent validity was supported by significant correlations with the Negative symptoms domain of the BPRS (Factor 1, 0.695, p less then 0.01; Factor 2, 0.352, p less then 0.05; Factor 3, 0.452, p less then 0.01). When assessing discriminant validity, weak correlations were found with BPRS and BSI scores. Conclusion The Serbian version of CAINS is a valid, reliable and useful tool for the assessment of negative symptomatology. Our findings support a three-factor structure of CAINS, which indicates that the construct is more complex than envisaged by the original conceptualization of two distinct factors.
The global spread of COVID-19 makes Pakistan as vulnerable as any other developing country and the risk posed by the weak health system increases the fears in people's minds. The government is strategically expanding the scope of community ownership and increasing understanding in the population through risk communication and engagement; still, the situation remains very austere and is even affecting the psychological health of caregivers. We, therefore, sought to determine the impact of psychosocial job demands and resources associated with the psychological health of nurses in a time lag duration of 3 months, i.e., since the start of the pandemic, from January to March 2020. We hypothesized the significant mediating roles of stress and eustress in a direct relationship with psychosocial work environment job demands, job resources, and nurses' wellbeing.

In this cross-sectional self-administrated study, we distributed the survey in two parts by using a time-lag strategy to collect data at the start of pand eustress significantly impact the psychosocial work environment of nurses.The disease caused by respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) called COVID-19 resulted in a pandemic that has demanded extraordinary physical and mental effort from healthcare workers. This review provides an overview of studies that have explored traumatic stress in healthcare workers and associated factors between January and May 2020. The focus is on the most relevant literature investigating the prevalence of trauma- and stressor-related symptoms. Articles were selected from PubMed and PsycINFO databases using the search terms, "healthcare workers," "COVID-19," and "posttraumatic stress" in different combinations and with various synonyms. Among the seven studies that fulfilled our criteria, five assessed traumatic stress response, one assessed acute stress symptoms, and one focused on vicarious traumatization. Overall, the available findings highlight the presence of trauma-related stress, with a prevalence ranging from 7.4 to 35%, particularly among women, nurses, frontline workers, and in workers who experienced physical symptoms. Future studies should clarify the long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare workers, with particular focus on posttraumatic stress disorder.Faced with a constant inundation of information and increasing pressures brought by the continuous development of modern civilization, people are increasingly faced with mental health challenges that are only now being actively researched. Mental illness is caused by brain dysfunction due to internal and external pathogenic factors that destroy the integrity of the human brain and alter its function. Regular participation in physical exercise can stimulate the cerebral cortex and simultaneously increase the supply of oxygen and nutrients, helping to preserve or restore normal functioning of the nervous system. In conjunction with other systems of the body, the nervous system constitutes the neuro-humoral regulation system responsible for maintaining the stable state of the human body. This paper is a systematic review of studies investigating the effects of exercise intervention on several common neuropsychological diseases, including depression, anxiety disorder, autism, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Furthermore, we discuss possible physiological mechanisms underlying exercise-induced benefits and study limitations that must be addressed by future research. In many cases, drug therapy is ineffective and brings unwanted side effects. Based on the literature, we conclude that exercise intervention plays a positive role and that certain standards must be established in the field to make physical activity consistently effective.This research encompasses a systematic scoping review of literature and research pertaining to the open studio approach to art therapy, which originated with the work of artists in psychiatric hospitals in the 1940's. As art therapy became a profession, it sought recognition by adopting theories from other therapeutic disciplines. Today, however, there is an increase in the prevalence of studio practice that emphasizes art as the core of the therapeutic work; moreover, contemporary art therapy approaches even venture beyond the traditional definition of the profession to the realm of social action. Consequently, open studio practice has become more widespread and is currently implemented in many different contexts among a wide range of populations. The purpose of this research was to accurately map out world literature and research on the open studio approach to art therapy as well as identify relevant publications and main themes. Therefore, the systematic scoping review was not restricted to specific periodithin different settings and populations and pinpoints gaps of knowledge that can indicate the need for further research.
Empathy, as a core element of medical professionalism, is part of leadership in medicine. This attribute, predominantly cognitive, involves understanding and communication capacity. Empathy can be enhanced with courses on medical semiotics. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/daratumumab.html It appears adequate to apply this enhancement in the early stages of professional training. Based on this, this study was performed with the purpose of demonstrating the positive effect that an academic course on medical semiotics has on the development of empathy in medical students.

A quasi-experimental study was conducted in one School of Medicine in Peru, where medical students had to attend a 17-week course on medical semiotics as part of their regular training. The sample, composed by 269 students, included two cohorts of third-year medical students. As main measures, the Jefferson Scales of Empathy (JSE), inter-professional collaboration (JSAPNC), and lifelong learning (JeffSPLL), were used. In addition, students' scores evaluating theoretical and practical aspects of the course were collected once the course was finished.

The History of Plumbing: How Ancient Civilizations Mastered the Art Plumbing is an essential a part of our day to day lives, allowing us to have clean-running water and remove waste efficiently. But have you ever considered how ancient civilizations learned the art of plumbing In this article, we will delve into the interesting history of plumbing, from early innovations to modern developments. Get ready to be transferred back in period mainly because we explore the ingenuity and resourcefulness of our ancestors. 1. Old Mesopotamia: The Cradle of Plumbing Let's begin our trip in historic Mesopotamia, where domestic plumbing originated nearly 5,000 years ago. The inhabitants of this fertile land, nestled between the Tigris and Euphrates streams, developed a advanced plumbing program that would serve while the foundation for future civilizations. They built clay pipes to transport water from rivers to their metropolitan areas and created complex channels to distribute drinking water for irrigation. Can you imagine the amazing engineering skills needed to build such a in depth plumbing network 2. The Indus Valley Civilization: Plumbing Mastery Shifting eastward to the Indus Valley civilization, we discover further evidence of the mastery of plumbing techniques. Internet dating back to around 2500 BCE, this advanced civilization developed complicated sewage systems that included underground drainage systems. To guarantee sanitation, they actually had private bathrooms with water-sealed toilets, a luxury that many civilizations did not possess. The careful planning and interest to detail in their domestic plumbing systems high light the ancient technicians' keen understanding of the importance of cleanliness. 3. Old Rome: Plumbing for the Elite Now let's change our concentrate to historic Rome, known for its grandeur and creativity. https://plumbers-finsbury-park.co.uk The Romans took plumbing to fresh levels, creating an intensive network of aqueducts, sewers, and open public baths. These awe-inspiring aqueducts spanned huge distances, bringing new drinking water to the town and allowing residents to indulge in luxurious communal baths. May you imagine the sense of privilege and opulence that came with having access to such advanced plumbing facilities during that period 4. The Islamic Golden Age: Innovative Plumbing Solutions During the Islamic Golden Age, from the 8th to the 14th century CE, many scientific and technological advancements were produced, including in the field of domestic plumbing. Islamic designers developed ingenious methods for water storage, including the structure of underground cisterns and reservoirs. They also launched the concept of open public baths, embracing cleanliness as an necessary aspect of their trust. The establishment of these communal areas not only advertised hygiene but also fostered public cohesion and communal well-being. How extraordinary it must possess been to see the forward-thinking and proactive approach to plumbing during this era! 5. The Renaissance: A Revival of Plumbing Know-How Fast forwards to the Renaissance period in Europe, and we see a revival of ancient understanding and a renewed interest in domestic plumbing. Influenced by the anatomist accomplishments of their predecessors, Renaissance designers and architects implemented increasingly sophisticated plumbing related systems. From complex networks of pipes to the introduction of flush toilets, domestic plumbing became more sophisticated and available to a wider human population. The Renaissance period designated a pivotal instant in the background of plumbing, placing the stage for modern innovations. 6. The Industrial Trend: Plumbing Moves Mainstream With the development of the Industrial Revolution, plumbing underwent a significant transformation. Mass production and developments in technology produced plumbing more inexpensive and accessible to the general open public. The intro of indoor domestic plumbing and sanitary fixtures into residential homes revolutionized daily life, improving hygiene specifications and producing everyday tasks even more convenient. Think about the alleviation and joy that people must possess felt as they embraced this modern plumbing discovery during a period of great social and industrial change. 7. Contemporary Plumbing: Improvements for a Lasting Future Today, domestic plumbing continues to evolve, with a focus on sustainability and eco-friendly practices. From rainwater harvesting to energy-efficient drinking water heaters, modern domestic plumbing innovations purpose to reduce drinking water consumption and waste materials. Additionally, improvements in pipe materials and domestic plumbing technology ensure longevity and dependability in our plumbing systems. As we appear toward the future, experts in the domestic plumbing sector strive to find innovative solutions that promote both human being well-being and environmental conservation. And there you possess it, the fascinating history of plumbing and the amazing advancements made by ancient civilizations and contemporary engineers alike. Next period you change on the sink or flush the toilet, take a instant to appreciate the generations of ingenuity and hard work that have gone into ensuring that we possess access to safe and efficient domestic plumbing systems.

Our analysis suggests that VOCs have a medium-sized effect on pulmonary diseases, including the onset of asthma (effect size (or Cohen's d) ~0.37; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.25-0.49; n = 23) and wheezing (effective size ~0.26; 95% CI = 0.10-0.42; n = 10). The effect size also varied by country, age and disease type. Multiple stakeholders must be engaged in strategies to mitigate and manage VOC exposure and its associated pulmonary disease burden.We propose a model for cohesin-mediated loop extrusion, where the loop extrusion is driven entropically by the energy difference between supercoiled and torsionally relaxed chromatin fibers. Different levels of negative supercoiling are controlled by varying imposed friction between the cohesin ring and the chromatin fiber. The speed of generation of negative supercoiling by RNA polymerase associated with TOP1 is kept constant and corresponds to 10 rotations per second. The model was tested by coarse-grained molecular simulations for a wide range of frictions between 2 to 200 folds of that of generic fiber and the surrounding medium. The higher friction allowed for the accumulation of higher levels of supercoiling, while the resulting extrusion rate also increased. The obtained extrusion rates for the given range of investigated frictions were between 1 and 10 kbps, but also a saturation of the rate at high frictions was observed. The calculated contact maps indicate a qualitative improvement obtained at lower levels of supercoiling. The fits of mathematical equations qualitatively reproduce the loop sizes and levels of supercoiling obtained from simulations and support the proposed mechanism of entropically driven extrusion. The cohesin ring is bound on the fibers pseudo-topologically, and the model suggests that the topological binding is not necessary.Long-term survival after lung transplantation is lower than that associated with other transplanted organs. Infectious complications, most importantly invasive fungal infections, have detrimental effects and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in this population. Candida infections predominate in the early post-transplant period, whereas invasive mold infections, usually those related to Aspergillus, are most common later on. This review summarizes the epidemiology and risk factors for invasive fungal diseases in lung transplant recipients, as well as the current evidence on preventive measures. These measures include universal prophylaxis, targeted prophylaxis, and preemptive treatment. Although there is consensus that a preventive strategy should be implemented, current data show no superiority of one preventive measure over another. Data are also lacking regarding the optimal antifungal regimen and the duration of treatment. As all current recommendations are based on observational, single-center, single-arm studies, it is necessary that this longstanding debate is settled with a multicenter randomized controlled trial.This study proposes age- and sex-specific percentiles for serum cobalamin and folate, and analyzes the effects of sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and socioeconomic status (SES) on cobalamin and folate concentrations in healthy children and adolescents. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cyclo-rgdyk.html In total, 4478 serum samples provided by healthy participants (2 months-18.0 years) in the LIFE (Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases) Child population-based cohort study between 2011 and 2015 were analyzed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA). Continuous age-and sex-related percentiles (2.5th, 10th, 50th, 90th, 97.5th) were estimated, applying Cole's LMS method. In both sexes, folate concentrations decreased continuously with age, whereas cobalamin concentration peaked between three and seven years of age and declined thereafter. Female sex was associated with higher concentrations of both vitamins in 13- to 18-year-olds and with higher folate levels in one- to five-year-olds. BMI was inversely correlated with concentrations of both vitamins, whilst SES positively affected folate but not cobalamin concentrations. To conclude, in the assessment of cobalamin and folate status, the age- and sex-dependent dynamic of the respective serum concentrations must be considered. While BMI is a determinant of both vitamin concentrations, SES is only associated with folate concentrations.The integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in Western health systems and research requires a rational communicable theory, scientific proof of efficacy and safety, and quality control measures. The existence of clear definitions and the diagnosis standardization are critical factors to establish the patient's vegetative functional status accurately and, therefore, systematically apply TCM therapeutics such as the stimulation of reflex skin areas known as acupoints. This science-based conceptualization entails using validated methods, or even developing new systems able to parameterize the diagnosis and assess TCM related effects by objective measurements. Traditionally, tongue and pulse diagnosis and the functional evaluation of action points by pressure sensitivity and physical examination may be regarded as essential diagnostic tools. Parameterizing these techniques is a future key point in the objectification of TCM diagnosis, such as by electronic digital image analysis, mechanical pulse diagnostic systems, or the systematic evaluation of acupoints' electrophysiology. This review aims to demonstrate and critically analyze some achievements and limitations in the clinical application of device-assisted TCM diagnosis systems to evaluate functional physiological patterns. Despite some limitations, tongue, pulse, and electrophysiological diagnosis devices have been reported as a useful tool while establishing a person's functional status.The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades have been validated playing critical roles in diverse aspects of plant biology, from growth and developmental regulation, biotic and abiotic stress responses, to phytohormone signal transduction or responses. A classical MAPK cascade consists of a MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK), a MAPK kinase (MAPKK), and a MAPK. From the 75 MAPKKKs, eight MAPKKs, and 15 MAPKs of rice, a number of them have been functionally deciphered. Here, we update recent advances in knowledge of the roles of rice MAPK cascades, including their components and complicated action modes, their diversified functions controlling rice growth and developmental responses, coordinating resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, and conducting phytohormone signal transduction. Moreover, we summarize several complete MAPK cascades that harbor OsMAPKKK-OsMAPKK-OsMAPK, their interaction with different upstream components and their phosphorylation of diverse downstream substrates to fulfill their multiple roles.

Regarding quantitative results, there was no clear evidence that any of the three PRO tools captured positive changes as a result of NAC treatment. CONCLUSION Qualitative results showed a comprehensive characterization of HRQoL in this population based on a symptom/patient-centered approach. These findings will inform future studies. Furthermore, given the similar findings across our multiple methods and endpoints, the introduction of MMR may be a valuable, complementary approach to clinical trials. MMR may be especially useful to incorporate in order to address and follow the FDA's guidance and prioritization on the inclusion of affected individuals' perspectives in clinical trials.Freshwater ecosystems provide irreplaceable services for both nature and society. The quality and quantity of freshwater affect biogeochemical processes and ecological dynamics that determine biodiversity, ecosystem productivity, and human health and welfare at local, regional and global scales. Freshwater ecosystems and their associated riparian habitats are amongst the most biologically diverse on Earth, and have inestimable economic, health, cultural, scientific and educational values. https://www.selleckchem.com/ Yet human impacts to lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands and groundwater are dramatically reducing biodiversity and robbing critical natural resources and services from current and future generations. Freshwater biodiversity is declining rapidly on every continent and in every major river basin on Earth, and this degradation is occurring more rapidly than in terrestrial ecosystems. Currently, about one third of all global freshwater discharges pass through human agricultural, industrial or urban infrastructure. About one fifth is generally understood by policy makers, the news media, or the general public, slowing and reversing dramatic losses of freshwater species and ecosystems is still possible. We recommend a set of urgent policy actions that promote clean water, conserve watershed services, and restore freshwater ecosystems and their vital services. Effective management of freshwater resources and ecosystems must be ranked amongst humanity's highest priorities.Human civilization has reached an unprecedented height, but the industrialization of economic development also brings global warming, ozone depletion, acid rain, fresh water resources crisis, energy shortage, and environmental problems. In autumn and winter, haze becomes the usual state in the modern society, and PM2.5 has been becoming an important form of air pollution. The research found that PM2.5 brings great influence to the human body or daily life. To some extent, the PM2.5 also affects the propagation of electromagnetic waves near the ground, reducing the transmission performance of electromagnetic wave. Based on Mie scattering theory, this paper qualitatively analyzed the scattering effects of PM2.5 particles on every frequency band of electromagnetic wave in daily use. Then the paper takes the satellite navigation signals as a research example, selecting university of Wyoming Davis stations in Antarctica sounding data by measuring the tropospheric atmospheric meteorological parameters (including the atmosphere pressure, geopotential height of different layers, dew point temperature, relative humidity and specific humidity, wind direction, wind speed, and temperature). The paper inversed the refractive index distribution of the troposphere based on AlexNet model and described the error quantitatively. The simulation results show that the estimated error is less than 5.1455%, proving the high accuracy of the AlexNet model. To test the influence of PM2.5, the paper takes Jiuquan, a city with serious pollution, as an example. Comparison between the inversion results and IGS products shows that high concentration of PM2.5 pollution has little influence on the inversion of refractive index profile.Karst regions are important water providers, supplying approximately 25% of the world population. These areas present higher vulnerability to contamination due to hydrodynamics, which hampers the natural depuration of these waters until reaching the underground environment. High concentrations of cadmium (Cd) are observed in the São Miguel watershed, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. This toxic element is generally and predominantly released into the atmosphere by burning materials that have Cd in their composition, potentially contaminating surface and groundwater. Therefore, the objective of the study is to map Cd concentrations in the hydrological cycle of the São Miguel karst watershed and, through natural background level values (NBL 90%) of rainwater, surface water and groundwater, to understand the seasonal behavior of this element, and to identify the most vulnerable areas to contamination. To achieve this goal, rainwater, surface, and groundwater seasonal monitoring were conducted in 87 sampling stations. A total of 335 samples were collected, distributed over a watershed area of 520 km2. Concentrations of cadmium above 1 μg/L were found in 21.49% of samples during the rainy season. The origin and distribution of Cd were related to rainfall. For rainwater samples, 90% presented Cd concentration of 3.06 μg/L. When these waters precipitate, they contaminate surface waters (NBL 90% = 1.50 μg/L) and groundwater (NBL 90% = 2.81 μg/L). This study presented a hydrochemical cycle map and proposed NBL values of Cd for surface water and groundwater, helping to understand how the environment is contaminated by this element.Northern China suffers from serious air pollution especially in winter, much of which derives from solid fuel used for domestic heating in rural areas. In order to reduce pollution emissions in the heating season, the Chinese government has introduced a "coal-to-gas conversion" policy, promoting a switch to natural gas which is much cleaner than the coal normally used for winter heating. The "coal-to-gas conversion" project will cover more than 1.8 billion m2 of heated built floor area and affect more than 12 million heat users in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, and the surrounding areas. Life cycle assessment and life cycle cost methods are applied to compare and analyze the environmental impact and economic cost of household energy usage for the whole year under 5 scenarios before and after "coal-to-gas conversion." In the three scenarios after "coal-to-gas conversion," the environmental impact decreases by around 50% while the total economic cost increases by around 80%. Particulate emissions responsible for air pollution are considerably reduced with accompanying benefits for human health, though significant, but reduced, impacts on freshwater and marine ecotoxicity remain.