The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) shapes global climate patterns yet its sensitivity to external climate forcing remains uncertain. Modeling studies suggest that ENSO is sensitive to sulfate aerosol forcing associated with explosive volcanism but observational support for this effect remains ambiguous. Here, we used absolutely dated fossil corals from the central tropical Pacific to gauge ENSO's response to large volcanic eruptions of the last millennium. Superposed epoch analysis reveals a weak tendency for an El Niño-like response in the year after an eruption, but this response is not statistically significant, nor does it appear after the outsized 1257 Samalas eruption. Our results suggest that those models showing a strong ENSO response to volcanic forcing may overestimate the size of the forced response relative to natural ENSO variability. Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.The structure of melt-quenched zeolitic imidazole framework (ZIF) glasses can provide insights into their glass-formation mechanism. We directly detected short-range disorder in ZIF glasses using ultrahigh-field zinc-67 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Two distinct Zn sites characteristic of the parent crystals transformed upon melting into a single tetrahedral site with a broad distribution of structural parameters. Moreover, the ligand chemistry in ZIFs appeared to have no controlling effect on the short-range disorder, although the former affected their phase-transition behavior. These findings reveal structure-property relations and could help design metal-organic framework glasses. Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.Observations of nearby galaxies and galaxy clusters have reported an unexpected x-ray emission line around 3.5 kilo-electron volts (keV). Proposals to explain this line include decaying dark matter-in particular, that the decay of sterile neutrinos with a mass around 7 keV could match the available data. If this interpretation is correct, the 3.5-keV line should also be emitted by dark matter in the halo of the Milky Way. We used more than 30 megaseconds of XMM-Newton (X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission) blank-sky observations to test this hypothesis, finding no evidence of the 3.5-keV line emission from the Milky Way halo. We set an upper limit on the decay rate of dark matter in this mass range, which is inconsistent with the possibility that the 3.5-keV line originates from dark matter decay. Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.The wave function of a Tonks-Girardeau (T-G) gas of strongly interacting bosons in one dimension maps onto the absolute value of the wave function of a noninteracting Fermi gas. Although this fermionization makes many aspects of the two gases identical, their equilibrium momentum distributions are quite different. We observed dynamical fermionization, where the momentum distribution of a T-G gas evolves from bosonic to fermionic after its axial confinement is removed. The asymptotic momentum distribution after expansion in one dimension is the distribution of rapidities, which are the conserved quantities associated with many-body integrable systems. Our measurements agree well with T-G gas theory. We also studied momentum evolution after the trap depth is suddenly changed to a new nonzero value, and we observed the theoretically predicted bosonic-fermionic oscillations. Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.Spectroscopy is a powerful tool for studying molecules and is commonly performed on large thermal molecular ensembles that are perturbed by motional shifts and interactions with the environment and one another, resulting in convoluted spectra and limited resolution. Here, we use quantum-logic techniques to prepare a trapped molecular ion in a single quantum state, drive terahertz rotational transitions with an optical frequency comb, and read out the final state nondestructively, leaving the molecule ready for further manipulation. We can resolve rotational transitions to 11 significant digits and derive the rotational constant of 40CaH+ to be B R = 142 501 777.9(1.7) kilohertz. Our approach is suited for a wide range of molecular ions, including polyatomics and species relevant for tests of fundamental physics, chemistry, and astrophysics. Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.Somatic mutations acquired in healthy tissues as we age are major determinants of cancer risk. Whether variants confer a fitness advantage or rise to detectable frequencies by chance remains largely unknown. Blood sequencing data from ~50,000 individuals reveal how mutation, genetic drift, and fitness shape the genetic diversity of healthy blood (clonal hematopoiesis). We show that positive selection, not drift, is the major force shaping clonal hematopoiesis, provide bounds on the number of hematopoietic stem cells, and quantify the fitness advantages of key pathogenic variants, at single-nucleotide resolution, as well as the distribution of fitness effects (fitness landscape) within commonly mutated driver genes. These data are consistent with clonal hematopoiesis being driven by a continuing risk of mutations and clonal expansions that become increasingly detectable with age. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bms-986165.html Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.This article reviews an emerging area of research within economics that seeks to better understand contemporary economic outcomes by taking a historical perspective. The field has established that many of the contemporary differences in comparative economic development have their roots in the distant past. The insights gained from this literature are not only of academic importance but also useful for thinking about policies that help to address global development moving forward. I provide examples of recent studies that have begun to take on this important next step in the literature by using insights gleaned from historical analyses to better understand policy and its optimal design. Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

Here, we report the genome sequence of Enterobacter roggenkampii strain OS53, isolated from corroded pipework at an offshore oil production facility. The draft genome sequence comprises 6 contigs and contains 5,194,507 bp with an average GC content of 55.90%.A plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium, Bacillus circulans GN03, was isolated from the root surface of pak choi cabbage. Here, we report the whole-genome sequence of the GN03 strain, which includes a circular chromosome (5,217,129 bp; GC content, 35.64%) and a plasmid (181,705 bp; GC content, 31.62%).Weissella cibaria appears to have broad-spectrum health benefits. Here, we report the genome sequence of Weissella cibaria strain BM2, which was isolated from homemade kimchi; it consists of one circular chromosome of 2,462,443 bp and one plasmid of 11,067 bp. A total of 2,337 coding sequences were predicted, including 2,117 protein-coding sequences and a G+C content of 45.06%.Maintenance of germ cell sexual identity is essential for reproduction. Entry into the spermatogenesis or oogenesis pathway requires that the appropriate gene network is activated and the antagonist network is silenced. For example, in Drosophila female germ cells, forced expression of the testis-specific PHD finger protein 7 (PHF7) disrupts oogenesis, leading to either an agametic or germ cell tumor phenotype. Here, we show that PHF7-expressing ovarian germ cells inappropriately express hundreds of genes, many of which are male germline genes. We find that the majority of genes under PHF7 control in female germ cells are not under PHF7 control in male germ cells, suggesting that PHF7 is acting in a tissue-specific manner. Remarkably, transcriptional reprogramming includes a positive autoregulatory feedback mechanism in which ectopic PHF7 overcomes its own transcriptional repression through promoter switching. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gne-317.html Furthermore, we find that tumorigenic capacity is dependent on the dosage of phf7 This study reveals that ectopic PHF7 in female germ cells leads to a loss of sexual identity and the promotion of a regulatory circuit that is beneficial for tumor initiation and progression.Identifying cell states during development from their mRNA profiles provides insight into their gene regulatory network. Here, we leverage the sea urchin embryo for its well-established gene regulatory network to interrogate the embryo using single cell RNA sequencing. We tested eight developmental stages in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, from the eight-cell stage to late in gastrulation. We used these datasets to parse out 22 major cell states of the embryo, focusing on key transition stages for cell type specification of each germ layer. Subclustering of these major embryonic domains revealed over 50 cell states with distinct transcript profiles. Furthermore, we identified the transcript profile of two cell states expressing germ cell factors, one we conclude represents the primordial germ cells and the other state is transiently present during gastrulation. We hypothesize that these cells of the Veg2 tier of the early embryo represent a lineage that converts to the germ line when the primordial germ cells are deleted. This broad resource will hopefully enable the community to identify other cell states and genes of interest to expose the underpinning of developmental mechanisms.Stomata are epidermal valves that facilitate gas exchange between plants and their environment. Stomatal patterning is regulated by the EPIDERMAL PATTERING FACTOR (EPF) family of secreted peptides EPF1 enforces stomatal spacing, whereas EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE9 (EPFL9), also known as Stomagen, promotes stomatal development. It remains unknown, however, how far these signaling peptides act. Utilizing Cre-lox recombination-based mosaic sectors that overexpress either EPF1 or Stomagen in Arabidopsis cotyledons, we reveal a range within the epidermis and across the cell layers in which these peptides influence patterns. To determine their effective ranges quantitatively, we developed a computational pipeline, SPACE (stomata patterning autocorrelation on epidermis), that describes probabilistic two-dimensional stomatal distributions based upon spatial autocorrelation statistics used in astrophysics. The SPACE analysis shows that, whereas both peptides act locally, the inhibitor EPF1 exerts longer range effects than the activator Stomagen. Furthermore, local perturbation of stomatal development has little influence on global two-dimensional stomatal patterning. Our findings conclusively demonstrate the nature and extent of EPF peptides as non-cell autonomous local signals and provide a means for quantitative characterization of complex spatial patterns in development.This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.Loss-of-function mutations in both alleles of the human insulin receptor gene (INSR) cause extreme insulin resistance (IR) and usually death in childhood, with few effective therapeutic options. Bivalent antireceptor antibodies can elicit insulin-like signaling by mutant INSR in cultured cells, but whether this translates into meaningful metabolic benefits in vivo, wherein the dynamics of insulin signaling and receptor recycling are more complex, is unknown. To address this, we adopted a strategy to model human insulin receptoropathy in mice, using Cre recombinase delivered by adeno-associated virus to knockout endogenous hepatic Insr acutely in floxed Insr mice (liver insulin receptor knockout [L-IRKO] + GFP), before adenovirus-mediated add back of wild-type (WT) or mutant human INSR Two murine anti-INSR monoclonal antibodies, previously shown to be surrogate agonists for mutant INSR, were then tested by intraperitoneal injections. As expected, L-IRKO + GFP mice showed glucose intolerance and severe hyperinsulinemia. This was fully corrected by add back of WT but not with either D734A or S350L mutant INSR. Antibody injection improved glucose tolerance in D734A INSR-expressing mice and reduced hyperinsulinemia in both S350L and D734A INSR-expressing animals. It did not cause hypoglycemia in WT INSR-expressing mice. Antibody treatment also downregulated both WT and mutant INSR protein, attenuating its beneficial metabolic effects. Anti-INSR antibodies thus improve IR in an acute model of insulin receptoropathy, but these findings imply a narrow therapeutic window determined by competing effects of antibodies to stimulate receptors and induce their downregulation.

1. https://www.webwiki.de/disctopia.com/how-to-make-a-podcast-where-to-get-music/ : Dive into the Shadowy Side

Crime podcasts have gained a massive fan base in recent years, and for great cause. These podcasts investigate real-life illegal cases, providing listeners with a gripping and frequently spine-tingling narrative. From unsolved mysteries to infamous serial killers, crime podcasts present a deep submerge into the dark side of humanity. Some well-liked true crime podcasts include "Serial," "My Favorite Murder," and "Illegal."

2. Self-Growth: Open Your Potential

If you're in search of for encouragement and individual development, self-growth podcasts are a excellent selection. These podcasts cover a vast range of topics, comprising self-improvement, inspiration, and success stories. They usually showcase interviews with experts in diverse fields who share their insights and recommendations. Whether you're fascinated in improving your productivity, constructing improved relationships, or finding your purpose, personal development podcasts can provide you with the resources and motivation you need to have.

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For those with a inquisitive mind, science and technology podcasts provide a fascinating glimpse into the universe of innovation and discovery. These podcasts tackle a wide range of scientific subjects, from space exploration to cutting-edge technologies. They usually feature interviews with scientists, researchers, and specialists who share their most recent findings and perspectives. Whether you're interested in astrophysics, artificial intelligence, or the most recent breakthroughs in medicine, science and technology podcasts have something for everyone.

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Sometimes, all you need is a excellent chuckle to lighten your day. Comedy podcasts offer a fantastic break from the pressures of everyday life, providing hilarious conversations, sketches, and storytelling. These podcasts often feature comedians who share their one-of-a-kind perspectives and entertain listeners with their wit and humor. Whether you're a fan of stand-up comedy or improv, comedy podcasts are sure to keep you entertained and laughing out loud.

5. History: Reveal the Past

History podcasts present a engaging journey through time, permitting you to discover different eras and events from the comfort of your own home. These podcasts cover a vast variety of historical subjects, from ancient civilizations to recent world events. They frequently showcase interviews with historians, authors, and experts who provide in-depth analysis and storytelling. Whether https://wikimapia.org/external_link?url=https://disctopia.com/top-100-podcast-topics-and-ideas-of-2022/ fascinated in ancient Rome, World War II, or the history of a particular region, history podcasts present a wealth of knowledge and entertainment.

6. True Stories: Motivating Tales of Resilience

True story podcasts present a platform for ordinary people to share their extraordinary experiences. These podcasts feature real-life stories of triumph, resilience, and personal growth. From overcoming adversity to achieving lifelong dreams, true story podcasts present a dose of inspiration and motivation. Whether you're looking for stories of personal transformation, travel adventures, or tales of survival, true story podcasts are a great option.

In conclusion, podcasts provide a diverse range of topics to cater to every interest and curiosity. Whether you're into true crime, personal development, science, comedy, history, or true stories, t https://www.metooo.es/u/67a0698674936e79c41da710 's a podcast out there that will keep you engaged and entertained. So, grab your headphones and start exploring the amazing world of podcasts.

Several enteric pathogens can gain specific metabolic advantages over other members of the microbiota by inducing host pathology and inflammation. The pathogen Clostridium difficile is responsible for a toxin-mediated colitis that causes 450,000 infections and 15,000 deaths in the United States each year1; however, the molecular mechanisms by which C. difficile benefits from this pathology remain unclear. To understand how the metabolism of C. difficile adapts to the inflammatory conditions that its toxins induce, here we use RNA sequencing to define, in a mouse model, the metabolic states of wild-type C. difficile and of an isogenic mutant that lacks toxins. By combining bacterial and mouse genetics, we demonstrate that C. difficile uses sorbitol derived from both diet and host. Host-derived sorbitol is produced by the enzyme aldose reductase, which is expressed by diverse immune cells and is upregulated during inflammation-including during toxin-mediated disease induced by C. difficile. This work highlights a mechanism by which C. difficile can use a host-derived nutrient that is generated during toxin-induced disease by an enzyme that has not previously been associated with infection.Complex concentrated solutions of multiple principal elements are being widely investigated as high- or medium-entropy alloys (HEAs or MEAs)1-11, often assuming that these materials have the high configurational entropy of an ideal solution. However, enthalpic interactions among constituent elements are also expected at normal temperatures, resulting in various degrees of local chemical order12-22. Of the local chemical orders that can develop, chemical short-range order (CSRO) is arguably the most difficult to decipher and firm evidence of CSRO in these materials has been missing thus far16,22. Here we discover that, using an appropriate zone axis, micro/nanobeam diffraction, together with atomic-resolution imaging and chemical mapping via transmission electron microscopy, can explicitly reveal CSRO in a face-centred-cubic VCoNi concentrated solution. Our complementary suite of tools provides concrete information about the degree/extent of CSRO, atomic packing configuration and preferential occupancy of neighbouring lattice planes/sites by chemical species. Modelling of the CSRO order parameters and pair correlations over the nearest atomic shells indicates that the CSRO originates from the nearest-neighbour preference towards unlike (V-Co and V-Ni) pairs and avoidance of V-V pairs. Our findings offer a way of identifying CSRO in concentrated solution alloys. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/k03861.html We also use atomic strain mapping to demonstrate the dislocation interactions enhanced by the CSROs, clarifying the effects of these CSROs on plasticity mechanisms and mechanical properties upon deformation.Quasi-periodic eruptions (QPEs) are very-high-amplitude bursts of X-ray radiation recurring every few hours and originating near the central supermassive black holes of galactic nuclei1,2. It is currently unknown what triggers these events, how long they last and how they are connected to the physical properties of the inner accretion flows. Previously, only two such sources were known, found either serendipitously or in archival data1,2, with emission lines in their optical spectra classifying their nuclei as hosting an actively accreting supermassive black hole3,4. Here we report observations of QPEs in two further galaxies, obtained with a blind and systematic search of half of the X-ray sky. The optical spectra of these galaxies show no signature of black hole activity, indicating that a pre-existing accretion flow that is typical of active galactic nuclei is not required to trigger these events. Indeed, the periods, amplitudes and profiles of the QPEs reported here are inconsistent with current models that invoke radiation-pressure-driven instabilities in the accretion disk5-9. Instead, QPEs might be driven by an orbiting compact object. Furthermore, their observed properties require the mass of the secondary object to be much smaller than that of the main body10, and future X-ray observations may constrain possible changes in their period owing to orbital evolution. This model could make QPEs a viable candidate for the electromagnetic counterparts of so-called extreme-mass-ratio inspirals11-13, with considerable implications for multi-messenger astrophysics and cosmology14,15.A complex of a metal in its zero oxidation state can be considered a stabilized, but highly reactive, form of a single metal atom. Such complexes are common for the more noble transition metals. Although rare examples are known for electronegative late-main-group p-block metals or semimetals1-6, it is a challenge to isolate early-main-group s-block metals in their zero oxidation state7-11. This is directly related to their very low electronegativity and strong tendency to oxidize. Here we present examples of zero-oxidation-state magnesium (that is, magnesium(0)) complexes that are stabilized by superbulky, monoanionic, β-diketiminate ligands. Whereas the reactivity of an organomagnesium compound is typically defined by the nucleophilicity of its organic groups and the electrophilicity of Mg2+ cations, the Mg0 complexes reported here feature electron-rich Mg centres that are nucleophilic and strongly reducing. The latter property is exemplified by the ability to reduce Na+ to Na0. We also present a complex with a linear Mg3 core that formally could be described as a MgI-Mg0-MgI unit. Such multinuclear mixed-valence Mgn clusters are discussed as fleeting intermediates during the early stages of Grignard reagent formation. Their remarkably strong reducing power implies a rich reactivity and application as specialized reducing agents.High-quality and complete reference genome assemblies are fundamental for the application of genomics to biology, disease, and biodiversity conservation. However, such assemblies are available for only a few non-microbial species1-4. To address this issue, the international Genome 10K (G10K) consortium5,6 has worked over a five-year period to evaluate and develop cost-effective methods for assembling highly accurate and nearly complete reference genomes. Here we present lessons learned from generating assemblies for 16 species that represent six major vertebrate lineages. We confirm that long-read sequencing technologies are essential for maximizing genome quality, and that unresolved complex repeats and haplotype heterozygosity are major sources of assembly error when not handled correctly. Our assemblies correct substantial errors, add missing sequence in some of the best historical reference genomes, and reveal biological discoveries. These include the identification of many false gene duplications, increases in gene sizes, chromosome rearrangements that are specific to lineages, a repeated independent chromosome breakpoint in bat genomes, and a canonical GC-rich pattern in protein-coding genes and their regulatory regions.

All our analytical findings are supported with numerical simulations.We revisit the problem of an elastic line (such as a vortex line in a superconductor) subject to both columnar disorder and point disorder in dimension d=1+1. Upon applying a transverse field, a delocalization transition is expected, beyond which the line is tilted macroscopically. We investigate this transition in the fixed tilt angle ensemble and within a "one-way" model where backward jumps are neglected. From recent results about directed polymers in the mathematics literature, and their connections to random matrix theory, we find that for a single line and a single strong defect this transition in the presence of point disorder coincides with the Baik-Ben Arous-Péché (BBP) transition for the appearance of outliers in the spectrum of a perturbed random matrix in the Gaussian unitary ensemble. This transition is conveniently described in the polymer picture by a variational calculation. In the delocalized phase, the ground state energy exhibits Tracy-Widom fluctuations. In the localized phase we show, usition. Connections with recent results on the generalized Rosenzweig-Porter model suggest that the localization of many polymers occurs gradually upon increasing their lengths.Devices that use quantum advantages for storing energy in the degree of freedom of quantum systems have drawn attention due to their properties of working as quantum batteries (QBs). However, one can identify a number of problems that need to be adequately solved before the start of a real manufacturing process of these devices. In particular, it is important to pay attention to the ability of quantum batteries in storing energy when no consumption center is connected to them. In this paper, by considering quantum batteries disconnected from external charging fields and consumption center, we study the dissipative effects that lead to charge leakage to the surrounding environment. We identify this phenomena as a self-discharging of QBs, in analogy to the inherent decay of the stored charge of conventional classical batteries in a open-circuit configuration. The performance of QBs compared to the classical counterpart is highlighted for single- and multicell quantum batteries.We investigate the influence of nonlocal couplings on the torsional and bending elasticities of DNA. Such couplings have been observed in the past by several simulation studies. Here, we use a description of DNA conformations based on the variables tilt, roll, and twist. Our analysis of both coarse-grained (oxDNA) and all-atom models indicates that these share strikingly similar features there are strong off-site couplings for tilt-tilt and twist-twist, while they are much weaker in the roll-roll case. By developing an analytical framework to estimate bending and torsional persistence lengths in nonlocal DNA models, we show how off-site interactions generate a length-scale-dependent elasticity. Based on the simulation-generated elasticity data, the theory predicts a significant length-scale-dependent effect on torsional fluctuations but only a modest effect on bending fluctuations. These results are in agreement with experiments probing DNA mechanics from single base pair to kilobase pair scales.Exact results about the nonequilibrium thermodynamics of open quantum systems at arbitrary timescales are obtained by considering all possible variations of initial conditions of a system. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ceftaroline-fosamil.html First we obtain a quantum-information theoretic equality for entropy production, valid for an arbitrary initial joint state of system and environment. For any finite-time process with a fixed initial environment, we then show that the system's loss of distinction-relative to the minimally dissipative state-exactly quantifies its thermodynamic dissipation. The quantum component of this dissipation is the change in coherence relative to the minimally dissipative state. Implications for quantum state preparation and local control are explored. For nonunitary processes-like the preparation of any particular quantum state-we find that mismatched expectations lead to divergent dissipation as the actual initial state becomes orthogonal to the anticipated one.We calculate the bulk-diffusion coefficient and the conductivity in nonequilibrium conserved-mass aggregation processes on a ring. These processes involve chipping and fragmentation of masses, which diffuse on a lattice and aggregate with their neighboring masses on contact, and, under certain conditions, they exhibit a condensation transition. We find that, even in the absence of microscopic time reversibility, the systems satisfy an Einstein relation, which connects the ratio of the conductivity and the bulk-diffusion coefficient to mass fluctuation. Interestingly, when aggregation dominates over chipping, the conductivity or, equivalently, the mobility of masses, is greatly enhanced. The enhancement in the conductivity, in accordance with the Einstein relation, results in large mass fluctuations and can induce a mobility-driven clustering in the systems. Indeed, in a certain parameter regime, we show that the conductivity, along with the mass fluctuation, diverges beyond a critical density, thus characterizing the previously observed nonequilibrium condensation transition [Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3691 (1998)10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.3691] in terms of an instability in the conductivity. Notably, the bulk-diffusion coefficient remains finite in all cases. We find our analytic results in quite good agreement with simulations.Intense laser-plasma interactions are an essential tool for the laboratory study of ion acceleration at a collisionless shock. With two-dimensional particle-in-cell calculations of a multicomponent plasma we observe two electrostatic collisionless shocks at two distinct longitudinal positions when driven with a linearly polarized laser at normalized laser vector potential a_0 that exceeds 10. Moreover, these shocks, associated with protons and carbon ions, show a power-law dependence on a_0 and accelerate ions to different velocities in an expanding upstream with higher flux than in a single-component hydrogen or carbon plasma. This results from an electrostatic ion two-stream instability caused by differences in the charge-to-mass ratio of different ions. Particle acceleration in collisionless shocks in multicomponent plasma are ubiquitous in space and astrophysics, and these calculations identify the possibility for studying these complex processes in the laboratory.