Antimicrobial resistance is of growing concern. To encourage development of new treatments, some commentators have suggested regulators exercise increased flexibility on the clinical evidence required for approval. We examined all 1065 new drugs and biologics approved by the US Food and Drug Administration between 1984 and 2018 and recorded each drug's use of the Orphan Drug Act, fast-track, priority review, accelerated approval, and breakthrough therapy programmes, as well as dates of investigational new drug application, new drug application, and new drug approval, which were used to calculate clinical development and review times. There were 178 (17%) antimicrobial products, which were more likely than non-antimicrobial products to benefit from priority review (103 [58%] of 178 vs 402 [45%] of 887, p=0·0023), fast-track designation (58 [37%] of 157 vs 151 [19%] of 814], p less then 0·001), and accelerated approval (23 [18%] of 129 vs 67 [9%] of 711, p=0·0046), and less likely to have Orphan Drug Act designation (25 [14%] of 178 vs 267 [30%] of 887, p less then 0·0001). Median time from investigational new drug application to approval was shorter for antimicrobial than for non-antimicrobial drugs (5·9 years [IQR 4·6-7·3] vs 7·6 years [IQR 5·7-10·2], p less then 0·001). Except for Orphan Drug Act status, expedited clinical testing and review programmes have been used at least as frequently for antimicrobial products as for non-antimicrobial drugs. No evidence supported claims that antimicrobial progress through the regulatory approval process in the USA is more time-consuming than non-antimicrobial development.Standard aortic valve replacement for aortic regurgitation caused by Behçet disease (BD) is frequently complicated by postoperative recurrent prosthetic valve detachment. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α is known to be associated with higher inflammation activities. Therefore, the concomitant use of immunomodulatory agents with TNFα inhibitors may be the key to a better outcome. This is a case report of a 46-year-old woman with severe acute aortic regurgitation due to BD. Immunosuppressive therapy including the TNFα inhibitor infliximab, which has not been reported for perioperative use to date, resulted in the prompt remission of inflammation, leading to the success of Bentall surgery.The ultimate goal of recognizing and treating hypertension in childhood is to prevent target-organ damage during childhood and to reduce the risk of adulthood cardiovascular disease. The quality of evidence to guide blood pressure management in children is lower than in adult medicine, yet some common findings support clinical practice recommendations. Oscillometric devices are increasingly replacing manual blood pressure measurements, but evidence shows that readings are not equivalent between the 2 methods. In addition, multiple blood pressure readings are needed before diagnosing a child with hypertension, but the optimal number and timing are still being determined. The recent American Academy of Pediatrics blood pressure guideline has revised the normative data tables and included threshold blood pressure limits which seem to identify children with higher cardiovascular risks. Threshold limits vary between guidelines, and the most accurate threshold has yet to be determined. Lifestyle modifications are a cornerstone of hypertension management, but the optimal diet and physical activity changes for beneficial effect are not known. When pharmacotherapy is needed, physicians have used drugs from all antihypertensive classes in children, yet only a few classes have been systematically studied. The long-term cardiovascular consequences of elevated blood pressure during childhood are under investigation and it seems that the lower the childhood blood pressure the better and that the rate of change during childhood is predictive of adulthood disease. With much still to learn, this article summarizes the evidence and the evidence gaps for the diagnosis, investigation, management, and outcomes of pediatric hypertension.Pregnancy, which is associated with profound cardiovascular changes and higher risk of thrombosis, increases the risk of cardiovascular complications in women with pre-existing heart disease. A comprehensive history and physical examination, 12-lead electrocardiogram, and transthoracic echocardiogram remain the foundation of assessing cardiac risk during pregnancy in women with heart disease. These are often combined to generate risk scores, which are statistically derived. Several statistically derived risk and 1 lesion-specific classification system are currently available. A suggested clinical approach to risk stratification is first to identify pregnancies in women with cardiac lesions at risk for serious or life-threatening maternal cardiac complications and for the remainder to use the Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy II (CARPREG II) risk score, integrating additional lesion-specific and patient-specific information. Conversely, clinicians can use the modified World Health Organization (mWHO) risk classification system and integrate general risk predictors and patient-specific information. Importantly, cardiac-risk assessment should always incorporate clinical judgement in addition to the use of risk scores or risk-classification systems. As pregnant women with heart disease are also at risk for obstetric and fetoneonatal complications, risk assessment should be performed by a multidisciplinary team, preferably before conception, or as soon as conception is confirmed, and repeated at regular intervals during the course of pregnancy.Five decades ago, heart disease was associated with significant early morbidity and mortality. Many patients succumbed shortly after myocardial infarctions. If they survived, they were at great risk for cardiac arrest. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk2656157.html With significant improvements in medical and device therapy, cardiac patients can now survive for multiple decades. Variable clinical courses are observed, with some patients having long periods of relative stability and others having frequent clinical decompensations necessitating recurrent hospitalizations. Invariably, all patients will decline over time, reaching the terminal phases of their lives. This phase is associated with unique care needs. With appropriate management, patients can be guided through the dying phase with the dignity and comfort they deserve.

The aim was to characterize the genetic diversity evolution of the registered Mexican Charolais cattle population by pedigree analysis.

Data consisted of 331,390 pedigree records of animals born from 1934 to 2018. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sodium-hydroxide.html Average complete generation equivalent, generation interval, effective population size (Ne), and effective numbers of founders (fe), ancestors (fa) and founder genomes (Ng) were calculated for seven five-year periods. The inbreeding coefficient was calculated per year of birth, from 1984 to 2018, whereas the gene contribution of the most influential ancestors was calculated for the latter period.

Average complete generation equivalent consistently increased across periods, from 4.76, for the first period (1984-1988), to 7.86, for the last period (2014-2018). The inbreeding coefficient showed a relative steadiness across the last seventeen years, oscillating from 0.0110 to 0.0145. During the last period, the average generation interval for the father-offspring pathways was nearly 1 yr. longer t current genetic status of the population is not at risk.
The effects of adding fermented feed to a pelleted total mixed ration (PTMR) on the growth performance of lambs remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the feed efficiency and productivity of lambs that were fed PTMR containing fermented soybean meal (FSM) or wheat bran (FWB).

Sixty 90-d-old hybrid lambs were randomly allocated into 12 pens (5 lambs/pen) that were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments (3 pens/treatment) with PTMR (basal diet), 2% FSM, or Lactobacillus- or yeast-FWB (L-FWB or Y-FWB) addition in the basal diet.

The findings showed that lambs fed 2% FSM supplemented diet had enhanced (p<0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and carcass yield (p = 0.015), while they had a decreased (p = 0.006) feed conversion ratio compared to that of other three groups. Inclusion of FSM or FWB in PTMR improved (p<0.05) the nutrient digestibility, while it reduced the urea nitrogen content in serum compared to the PTMR group. Additionally, the decreased ratio of N excretion to ADG (p<0.01) was observed with FSM and L-FWB supplementation compared with the PTMR and Y-FWB groups.

In conclusion, feeding the fermented feed-supplemented diet improved nutrient digestibility and growth performance, and 2% FSM-supplemented diet exhibited superior production-promoting efficiency to lambs.
In conclusion, feeding the fermented feed-supplemented diet improved nutrient digestibility and growth performance, and 2% FSM-supplemented diet exhibited superior production-promoting efficiency to lambs.
The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic correlation (rpc) of growth performance between purebred (Duroc and Korean native) and synthetic (Woori black) pigs using a single-step method.

Phenotypes of 15,902 pigs with genotyped data from 1,792 pigs from a nucleus farm were used for this study. We estimated the rpc of several performance traits between Woori black and purebred pigs day of target weight (DAY), backfat thickness (BF), feed conversion rate (FCR), and residual feed intake (RFI). The variances and covariances of the studied traits were estimated by an animal multi-trait model that applied the Bayesian inference.

rpc within traits was lower than 0.1 for DAY and BF, but high for FCR and RFI; in particular, rpc for RFI between Duroc and Woori black pigs was nearly 1. Comparison between different traits revealed that RFI in Duroc pigs was associated with different traits in Woori black pigs. However, the most of rpc between different traits were estimated with very low or with high sight have similar single nucleotide polymorphism effects that control RFI. RFI is more essential for metabolism than other growth traits and these metabolic characteristics in purebred pigs, such as nutrient utilization, could significantly affect those in synthetic pigs. The findings of this study can be used to elucidate the genetic architecture of crossbred pigs and help develop new breeds with particular target traits.
Artificial insemination plays an important role in genetic improvement in the goat farming system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cervical application of Hyaluronan (HA) on the fertility in goats after cervical artificial insemination (CAI) using frozen-thawed (F-T semen).

After oestrous synchronisation with progesterone sponges and pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) injection, both nulli- and multi-parous goats, were randomly allocated to 2 groups, and were inseminated with 0.25 ml of F-T semen (150 x 106 spermatozoa) twice at 52 h and 56 h after sponge removal. Prior to the insemination, goats in Group 1 only were given topical cervical HA application at 48 h after sponge removal. Site of insemination was recorded as os-cervix or intra-cervix or intra-uterus. Pregnancy was tested ultrasonographically 42 days after insemination. The data on pregnancy rates and percentage of animals according to the site of semen deposition were compared by Chi-square analysis.

The overall p deeper insemination facilitated by topical cervical application of HA. The deeper insemination into the cervical canal increase the rate of fertilisation when the cervical artificially insemination is performed.
Old World camels are a valuable genetic resource for many countries around the world due to their adaptation to the desert environment. At present, Old World camels have encountered the challenge of unprecedented loss of genetic resources. Through our research, we would reveal the population structure and genetic variation in Old World camel populations, which provides a theoretical basis for understanding the germplasm resources and origin and evolution of different Old World camel populations.

In the present study, we assessed mtDNA control region sequences of 182 individuals from Old World camels to unravel genetic diversity, phylogeography, and demographic dynamics.

Thirty-two haplotypes confirmed by 54 polymorphic sites were identified in the 156 sequences, which included 129 domestic and 27 wild Bactrian camels. Meanwhile, 14 haplotypes were defined by 47 polymorphic sites from 26 sequences in the dromedaries. The wild Bactrian camel population showed the lowest haplotype and nucleotide diversity, while the dromedaries investigated had the highest.

Lasers are being used in ever-expanding roles in dermatology. As our understanding of laser energy grew, the need for safety guidelines became apparent. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published the first safety guidelines in 1984, which are updated on a regular basis. However, these are just guidelines, and their implementation is voluntary by the laser practitioner. In this article, we discuss the 4 regulatory entities for laser safety in the United States, laser principles in general, ocular hazards, laser-generated airborne contaminants (LGACs), fires, and unintended laser beam injuries. We also review the use of checklists in reducing adverse outcomes and the need for safety protocols for laser practitioners. We provide a modifiable checklist, which pertains specifically to lasers and can be customized to meet the needs of the individual laser practitioner.In July 2019, the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) and the National Psoriasis Foundation (NPF) released an updated set of guidelines regarding the use of phototherapy to manage adult patients with psoriasis. Treatment with light of various wavelengths is reviewed, with a focus on modalities utilizing UV light. These guidelines provide the most up-to-date evidence regarding dosing, indications, contraindications, and adverse effects of phototherapy alone and in combination with other treatments for psoriasis. This review aims to present the recommendations in a form that is readily translatable to clinical practice.Cutaneous head and neck reconstruction following Mohs micrographic surgery frequently presents the surgical dilemma of dog-ear formation during wound closure. Z-plasty corrects a dog-ear deformity without skin excision by recruiting tissue from the axis of the standing cone and redistributing it along another. We describe dog-ear correction using the Z-plasty technique.[This corrects the article DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0235005.].[This corrects the article DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0062792.].New evidence on the COVID-19 pandemic is being published daily. Ongoing high-quality assessment of this literature is therefore needed to enable clinical practice to be evidence-based. This review builds on a previous scoping review and aimed to identify associations between disease severity and various clinical, laboratory and radiological characteristics. We searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE, Scopus and LILACS for studies published between January 1, 2019 and March 22, 2020. Clinical studies including ≥10 patients with confirmed COVID-19 of any study design were eligible. Two investigators independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. A quality effects model was used for the meta-analyses. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression identified sources of heterogeneity. For hospitalized patients, studies were ordered by overall disease severity of each population and this order was used as the modifier variable in meta-regression. Overall, 86 studies (n = 91,621) contributed data to the meta-analyses. Seh several clinical, laboratory and radiological characteristics. Symptoms and other variables in early/mild disease appear non-specific and highly heterogeneous. Clinical Trial Registration PROSPERO CRD42020170623.
Diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer can generate many challenges which impact on adjustment, so understanding the psychosocial factors which contribute to individual vulnerability to poor adaptation warrants further investigation. This study investigates stress and masculine identity threat as predictors of quality of life and emotional adjustment in men with localized prostate cancer and the role of resilience as a potential protective psychological factor.

Participants were invited to complete a survey study via online prostate cancer forums. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ca-074-methyl-ester.html Participants were 204 men ranging in age from 44-88 years (M = 65.24±7.51) and who were diagnosed with early localized prostate cancer within the previous five years. Measures used included the Perceived Stress Scale, Cancer-Related Masculine Threat Scale and the Conor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Using a cross-sectional online survey design, the extent to which perceived stress, masculine threat and psychological resilience are associated with quality of lifelow resilience to identify those at risk for poor adjustment during survivorship.
Perceived stress was the most powerful predictor in the model and findings suggest it contributes significantly to functional and affective status in survivors of prostate cancer. Psychological resilience is a protective factor which buffers the negative effect of stress and masculine identity threat on emotional adjustment. Findings indicate that men should be screened as part of the diagnostic and treatment process for high perceived stress and low resilience to identify those at risk for poor adjustment during survivorship.Brachycephalic airway syndrome (BAS) is a well-established cause of respiratory distress in dogs. BAS without surgical correction results in eventual laryngeal collapse. Arytenoid lateralization has been used to treat severe laryngeal collapse with some highly variable results. Chondromalacia and decreased stiffness of the arytenoid cartilage has been postulated a source of failure after arytenoid lateralization but no report of the histological characteristics and mechanical strength of arytenoid cartilage in brachycephalic dogs has been reported. Here we report histological and mechanical features in arytenoid cartilage of brachycephalic dogs. We identified the arytenoid cartilage in brachycephalic dogs presented degenerative histological characteristics and decreased load to failure and stiffness compared to that in non-brachycephalic dogs. Together, these observations suggest that degenerative condition of arytenoid cartilage in brachycephalic dogs could contribute to chondromalacia and mechanical weakness of arytenoid cartilage and result in cause of failure after arytenoid lateralization.MHC-I-restricted, virus-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTLs) may control human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication via the recognition and killing of productively infected CD4+ T cells. Several studies in SIV-infected macaques suggest that CD8+ T cells may also decrease virus production by suppressing viral transcription. Here, we show that non-HIV-specific, TCR-activated non-cytolytic CD8+ T cells suppress HIV transcription via a virus- and MHC-independent immunoregulatory mechanism that modulates CD4+ T cell proliferation and activation. We also demonstrate that this CD8+ T cell-mediated effect promotes the survival of infected CD4+ T cells harboring integrated, inducible virus. Finally, we used RNA sequencing and secretome analyses to identify candidate cellular pathways that are involved in the virus-silencing mediated by these CD8+ T cells. This study characterizes a previously undescribed mechanism of immune-mediated HIV silencing that may be involved in the establishment and maintenance of the reservoir under antiretroviral therapy and therefore represent a major obstacle to HIV eradication.

CONCLUSIONS Most respondents engaged in EC use to quit smoking. They were more likely to be long-term EC users if they were older and perceived that EC has helped them to quit smoking. This information is valuable for targeted prevention, health promotion and policy regulations. © 2020 Abdulrahman S.A. et al.INTRODUCTION Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure is a potential risk factor for developmental coordination disorder (DCD) in children, but evidence on the relationship between DCD in children and tobacco smoke exposure in women is limited in China. We conducted a cross-sectional study to understand the prevalence of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure among mothers and the prevalence of DCD among children and to explore if mothers' prenatal tobacco smoke exposure is positively associated with the occurrence of DCD among children. METHODS During 2018, we sampled 8586 children aged 3-6 years and their mothers in Songjiang district, Shanghai. DCD in children was identified by MABC-2 screening combined with pediatrician confirmation. Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure among mothers was classified into firsthand smoke (FHS) and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. SAS 9.2 software was applied to calculate the prevalence of DCD in children, the prevalence of prenatal FHS and SHS exposure in mothers and to analyze the differences ental coordination disorder, ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, FHS firsthand smoke, SHS secondhand smoke, MABC-2 movement assessment battery for children-2nd edition, GATS global adult tobacco survey, SD standard deviation, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, DAGs directed acyclic graphs. © 2020 Yang Q. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/tween-80.html et al.Diterpene compounds specially macrocyclic ones comprising jatrophane, lathyrane, terracinolide, ingenane, pepluane, paraliane, and segetane skeletons occurring in plants of the Euphorbiaceae family are of considerable interest in the context of natural product drug discovery programs. They possess diverse complex skeletons and a broad spectrum of therapeutically relevant biological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-chikungunya virus, anti-HIV, cytotoxic, and multidrug resistance-reversing activities as well as curative effects on thrombotic diseases. Among macrocyclic diterpenes of Euphorbia, the discovery of jatrophane and modified jatrophane diterpenes with a wide range of structurally unique polyoxygenated polycyclic derivatives and as a new class of powerful inhibitors of P-glycoprotein has opened new frontiers for research studies on this genus. In this review, an attempt has been made to give in-depth coverage of the articles on the naturally occurring jatrophanes and rearranged jatrophane-type diterpenes isolated from species belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family published from 1984 to March 2019, with emphasis on the biogenesis, isolation methods, structure, biological activity, and structure-activity relationship. © Springer Nature B.V. 2020.Introduction Providers, managers, health system leaders, and researchers could learn across countries implementing system-wide models of integrated care, but require accessible methods to do so. This study assesses if a common framework could describe and compare key components of international models of integrated care. Theory and methods A framework developed for an international study of programs that address high needs high cost patients was used to describe and compare 11 case studies analyzed in two international research projects; the Implementing Integrated Care for Older Adults with Complex Health Needs (iCOACH) study in Canada and New Zealand, and the Vilans research group exploring models in the Netherlands. Comparative summaries were generated, with findings discussed at a 2019 International Conference on Integrated Care workshop. Results The template was found to be useful to compare integrated case analyses in different contexts, and stands apart from other case comparison approaches as it is easily applied and can provide practical guidance for frontline staff and managers. Areas of improvement for the template are identified and two updated versions are presented. Conclusions and discussion There is value to using a common template to provide guidance in international comparison of models of integrated care. We discuss the applicability of the approach to support scale and spread of integrated care internationally. Copyright © 2020 The Author(s).Introduction Care sport connectors stimulate physical activity and facilitate collaboration between the primary care and physical activity sectors in the Netherlands. To strengthen intersectoral collaboration between the primary care and sports sectors, it is necessary to study which tasks a care sport connector must fulfil according to their own and other professionals' perceptions. Methods A Delphi study was conducted with 182 professionals from the primary care, public health and physical activity sectors. Rounds 1 and 2 included questions about task perception, willingness to collaborate and expectations of care sport connectors. Rounds 3 and 4 were used to reach consensus. Results All professions acknowledged physical activity promotion tasks, but they are not all willing to collaborate. They expect a broad range of roles from care sport connectors informative, executive, guiding and intermediate. Care sport connectors reached consensus on two roles informative and intermediate. Discussion Care sport connectors have an important role in strengthening intersectoral collaboration. All the professions acknowledged a task concerning physical activity promotion and accepted a broker role. Thus, a public health mind-set seems to be present to some extent. However, challenges remain, such as the lack of willingness to collaborate among primary care professionals and sports policies not (yet) supporting intersectoral collaboration. Copyright © 2020 The Author(s).Background Frail older people living in the community require multidisciplinary care. Despite the fact that patient participation is high on the public agenda, studies into multidisciplinary care mainly focus on the viewpoints of professionals. Little is known about frail older patients' experiences with care delivered by multidisciplinary teams and their perception of collaboration between professional and informal caregivers. Objective To gain more insight into the experiences of frail older patients with integrated multidisciplinary care by mapping the care networks of this patient group and their perception of the interconnection between professional and informal caregivers. Methods Survey study to facilitate a care network analysis. Due to the vulnerable health status of the respondents, questionnaires were completed during interviews. Analysis was performed using an iterative process, using both visual and metric techniques. Participants 44 older persons, considered 'frail' by their general practitioner.

In this
evaluation, we showed that the ACSS questionnaire, validated in several languages, has the potential to be used as a suitable instrument for diagnostics and patient-reported outcomes in well-designed, international, clinical studies investigating different treatment modalities of uncomplicated urinary tract infections.
Evaluating not only antibacterial but also nonantibacterial agents indicated for the treatment of AC in women, clinical criteria for diagnostics, and measures of patient-reported outcomes are more important as main objectives than microbiological criteria. In this post hoc evaluation, we showed that the ACSS questionnaire, validated in several languages, has the potential to be used as a suitable instrument for diagnostics and patient-reported outcomes in well-designed, international, clinical studies investigating different treatment modalities of uncomplicated urinary tract infections.
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness and safety of partial nephrectomy (PN) without ischemia compared with PN with warm ischemia for reducing the deterioration in renal function in patients with cT1 renal tumors.

We conducted a systematic review that included patients over 18 years of age who underwent PN with or without warm ischemia for cT1 renal tumors. The primary outcome was impaired renal function. A search strategy was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, CENTRAL, the article reference lists, and the unpublished literature to reach saturation of the information. We assessed the risk of bias with the methodological index for nonrandomized studies (MINORS) tool, and we performed a meta-analysis according to the type of variable.

We found a total of 5,682 articles, of which 14 met the inclusion criteria. Seven studies evaluated renal function, identifying a difference in means (MD) of 3.50 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16 to 5.83), favoring no ischemia. We did not find any significant differences regarding intraoperative bleeding or operative time (MD, 55 mL; 95% CI, -33.16 to 144.08; and MD, 1.87; 95% CI, -20.47 to 24.21; respectively).

In this study, PN without ischemia showed a decrease in deterioration of the estimated glomerular filtration rate compared with warm ischemia.
In this study, PN without ischemia showed a decrease in deterioration of the estimated glomerular filtration rate compared with warm ischemia.The use of ureteral access sheaths (UAS) is common practice during routine flexible ureteroscopy procedures. However, debates and concerns continue amongst endourologists on routine UAS placement. UAS placement allows for multiple passages of the ureteroscope, decreases intrarenal pressure, and may improve stone-free rates. However, concerns for the UAS's effectiveness in these claimed benefits and complications related to UAS placement has been documented and investigated by many. In this review, we will discuss the controversies surrounding the placement of UAS during ureteroscopy.Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most important etiologies of nosocomial infections in recent years mainly because of increasing in frequency of multidrug and pan-resistant pathogens. Meningitis caused by this organism is a dilemma; because polymyxins are the only effective antibiotics against pan-resistant serotypes, but have poor penetration via blood brain barrier; however, it has still remained uncertain whether the intravenous therapy with these agents is an effective treatment with the sufficient concentration of the drug in the cerebrospinal fluid. Herein, we report a neonate who suffered from pan-resistant A. baumannii nosocomial meningitis successfully treated with intravenous colistin combined with meropenem and rifampin. It seems that intravenous colistin at least in combination with rifampin and meropenem might be considered as an option to try in patients in whom daily intrathecal injection or insertion of intraventricular device is not possible.Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread widely across the world since January 2020. There are many challenges when caring for patients with COVID-19, one of which is infection prevention and control. In particular, in cases where surgery must absolutely be performed, special infection control may be required in order to perform surgery without spreading infection within the hospital. We aim to present potentially useful recommendations for non-deferrable surgery for COVID-19 patients based on in vivo and in vitro research and clinical experiences from many countries.Vivax malaria which had been highly prevalent in Korea disappeared rapidly from the 1960s to 1984 when domestic occurrence of cases stopped. However, malaria reemerged in 1993 near the demilitarized zone (DMZ) bordering with North Korea. The number of patients thereafter increased exponentially year after year totaling 35,526 cases by the end of 2015. A small number of cases (1 - 53 patients annually) also occurred among the United States military personnel camping in Korea. However, after the 2010s the number of annual malaria cases has been decreasing slowly in Korea. Several reports on malaria situation in North Korea described high malaria prevalence after 1997 which peaked during 1999 - 2002 and has been decreasing thereafter. At the beginning of the reemergence, the majority of cases (60 - 90%) were soldiers aged 20 - 25 years camping around the northern parts of Gyeonggi-do and Gangwon-do (Province), Korea just facing the DMZ. However, as the outbreak continued more civilians were infected. The course of illness was relatively mild, and chemotherapy with chloroquine in combination with primaquine was successful in most of the patients. Mass chemoprophylaxis combined with mosquito control activities greatly contributed to the decline of malaria situation among Korean military soldiers.Coronaviruses have caused serious Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks, and only remdesivir has been recently indicated for the treatment of COVID-19. In the line of therapeutic options for SARS and MERS, this study aims to summarize the current clinical evidence of treatment options for COVID-19. In general, the combination of antibiotics, ribavirin, and corticosteroids was considered as a standard treatment for patients with SARS. The addition of this conventional treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir, interferon, and convalescent plasma showed potential clinical improvement. For patients with MERS, ribavirin, lopinavir/ritonavir, interferon, and convalescent plasma were continuously recommended. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/EX-527.html However, a high-dose of corticosteroid was suggested for severe cases only. The use of lopinavir/ritonavir and convalescent plasma was commonly reported. There was limited evidence for the effect of corticosteroids, other antiviral drugs like ribavirin, and favipiravir.